Anatomy- Test 1

What is made up of the bones of the limbs and their girdles?

Appendicular Skeleton

What is also called the shoulder girdle? It is made up of the clavicle, scapula, and associated muscles. It is related to the arm.

Pectoral girdle

What is the pelvic girdle related to?

The leg.

Each limb is made up of ___ segments connected by movable ________.

three, joints

What is the axial trunk made up of?

head, neck, trunk

What is the appendicular part made up of?

appendages and limbs

What studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other?

anatomy

What studies the function of body parts as a unit and collectively with the rest of the body?

physiology

What type of anatomy represents structures that can be seen with the naked eye?

gross anatomy

What are the three types of gross anatomy?

regional, systemic, and surface

What type of anatomy is very small, or not presenting obviously?

micoscopic anatomy

What are the four types of microscopic anatomy?

cytology, embryology, radiography, histology

What term means feeling with hands?

palpation

What term means listening with a stethoscope or thumping (often done on pregnant people)?

auscultation

What term means how an organism appears or presents?

observation

Whatr term means lack of the ability to sweat?

anhydrosis

What are the 11 body systems?

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive. 

What are the necessities for life?

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth

Everything that is alive is made up of ____ and comes from pre-existing ______.

cells, life

What are chemical substances for energy production and cell building? Some examples are carbs, vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats.

nutrients

Chemical reactions that release energy from foods are _________.

oxidative

_______ makes up ___%- _____% of the body. It is the basis for all secretion and fluids in the body.

Water, 50%-60%

A normal body temperature is indicative of proper _____________.

metabolism

Survival has needs for appropriate __________, appropriate pressure for _________, and important for good ___________ functions. 

atmosphere, breathing, metabolic

What are the 9 lower body regions?

• Right hypochondriac region

• Epigastric region

• Left hypochondriac region

• Right lumbar region

• Umbilical region

• Left lumbar region

• Right iliac region

• Hypogastric (pubic) region

• Left iliac region

What is located in the right hypochondriac region? What is located in the left hypochondriac region?

liver and gallbladder, spleen

What is located in the epigastric region?

stomach

What is located in the right lumbar region? What is located in the left lumbar region?

ascending colon, descending colon

What is located in the umbilical region?

small intestine

What is located in the right (illiac) region? What is located in the left (illiac) region?

appendix, sigmoid region

What is located in the hypogastric (pubic) region?

bladder

What is a self-regulating mechanism where the body maintains a state of steady internal chemical and physical conditions? Body needs are adequately met and functions smoothly.  Every body organ is involved.

homeostasis

In homeostasis, communication w/in the body is essential & done through the __________ and _____________ systems.

It has at least 3 interdependent components that function to regulate a variable (item to be regulated): ________, ___________, __________.

nervous and endocrine systems

receptor, control center, effector

What component of homeostasis receives an impulse? It is a sensor that monitors the environment & responds to stimuli (changes) by sending input (info) to the 2nd component. It follows an afferent pathway (af - towards) or af- approaches.

receptor

What is an example of a receptor?

nerve ending receptors of fingertips.

What component of homeostasis processes the impulse? It determines the “set point” or ideal condition for the variable to be maintained. It analyzes input and determines the appropriate course of action.

control center

What is an example of a control center?

the brain

What component of homeostasis receives a processed impulse and directs it to its intended destination? It provides a response or effect that then returns to or feeds back to the variable to create a reaction or response to the initial signal. It has either positive or negative feedback and follows an efferent pathway (efferent means' effect,' and efferent exits).

effector

What is an example of an effector?

blood vessels and sweat glands of the skin.

If stimulus is depressed (slowed, shut off)- ___________

If stimulus is enhanced (sped up, or intensified)- ____________

negative, positive

The skin has __________ that detect temperature changes. If the external temperature rises or drops below the equilibrium, the control center sends signals to the blood vessels and sweat glands in our skin to react accordingly.

receptors

Positive Body Response:

If the temperature is too hot, the blood vessels ________. The vessels, when _________, are closer to the surface of the skin, known as _______________. This allows heat to leave the blood and lower body temperature. The sweat glands produce sweat to accompany this process. Enhances a process or response.

dilate/dilated, vasolidation

Negative Body Response:
If the external temperature is too cold, the blood vessels __________, known as ________________ and enable the body to retain heat. Sweat glands do not respond. Inhibits a process from continuing.

constrict, vasconstriction

What are some positive feedback examples?

Blood clotting, digestion, and nerve signaling

What are some negative feedback examples?

Regulating blood sugar, temperature regulation, and hormones, child brith and most processes in the body

What body cavity protects the fragile nervous system organs? It has two subdivisions, what are they?

dorsal body cavity, cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

What body cavity is the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities? It has two subdivisions, what are they? It houses internal organs collectively called the viscera.

ventral body cavity, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

What body cavity is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest? It is further subdivided into ___________ __________ cavities and the ___________ ________________.

thoracic cavity, lateral pleural, medial mediastatium

What body cavity does the mediastinum contain? This encloses the heart and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, others).

pericardial cavity

What body cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs?

abdominal cavity

What body cavity lies in the body pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum?

pelvic cavity

What body cavity contains the teeth and the tongue? It is commonly called the mouth. It is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the body exterior at the anus.

oral and digestive cavities

What body cavity is located within and posterior to the nose? It is part of the respiratory system passageways.

nasal cavity

What body cavity is located in the skull, houses the eyes, and presents them in an anterior position?

orbital cavities

What body cavity is located in the skull and lie just medial to the eardrums? These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

middle ear cavities

What body cavities are called joint cavities? They are enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (such as the elbow and knee joints).

synovial cavities

What means toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above?

superior (cranial)

What means away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below?

inferiror (caudal)

What means toward or at the front of the body; in front of?

anterior (ventral)

What means toward or at the back of the body; behind?

posterior (dorsal)

What means toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of?

medial

What means away from the midline of the body; on the outerside of?

lateral

What means between a more medial and a more lateral structure?

intermediate

What means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk?

proximal

What means farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk?

distal

What means toward or at the body surface?

superficial (external)

What means away from the body surface; more internal?

deep (internal)

What is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts?

sagittal plane

What is a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline? What is a sagittal plane that is offset from the midline?

median/midsagittal plane, parasagittal plane

What is a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts? It is also called a coronal plane.

frontal plane

What is a plane that runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts? Also called a cross-section.

transverse/horizontal plane

What are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes?

oblique sections