HSP3U psych test reveiw

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis, focused on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.

Jean Piaget

Cognitive development stages (sensorimotor → formal operational).

Erik Erikson

Psychosocial development (8 life stages).

B.F. Skinner

Operant conditioning (rewards + punishments shape behaviour).

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning (learning through association).

Albert Bandura

Social learning theory; Bobo doll experiment.

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs (self-actualization at the top).

Behavioural Perspective

Behaviour learned from environment.

Cognitive Perspective

Thinking, memory, problem-solving.

Humanistic Perspective

Personal growth, free will (Maslow, Rogers).

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Unconscious mind, internal conflicts.

Biological Perspective

Brain and genetics influence behaviour.

Sociocultural Perspective

Culture, society shape behaviour.

Case Study

In-depth on one person.

Survey

Quick data from many people.

Experiment

Testing variables under controlled conditions.

Naturalistic Observation

Watching behaviour in real life.

Interviews

Detailed personal information.

Nature

Biological and genetic factors (e.g., natural temperament, inherited traits).

Nurture

Environment, culture, parenting, experiences (e.g., language learned, values, behaviour habits).

Blank Slate Theory (Tabula Rasa)

Introduced by John Locke; claims humans are born with no built-in mental content.

Clinical Psychology

Mental health, diagnosing disorders.

Cognitive Psychology

Thinking, memory, learning.

Developmental Psychology

How people grow and change over time.

Social Psychology

How people behave in groups; conformity, obedience, prejudice.

Biological/Neuropsychology

Brain, nervous system, chemical influences.

Forensic Psychology

Crime, law, behaviour of offenders.

Educational Psychology

How people learn; schooling methods.

Pavlov's Dogs

Classical conditioning; dogs learned to associate a bell with food.

Skinner Box

Operant conditioning; behaviour shaped by rewards/punishments.

Milgram Obedience Study

People obey authority even if it harms others; major ethical issues: stress + deception.

Bandura's Bobo Doll

Children imitate aggressive behaviour.

Zimbardo Stanford Prison Experiment

Roles + environment influence behaviour; ethical issues → study ended early.

The Balmoral Report (Canada)

Focused on research ethics involving Indigenous peoples; highlighted issues of exploitation, lack of consent.

Piaget - Cognitive Development

Children think differently at each stage; stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Erikson - Psychosocial Development

8 stages (trust vs mistrust → integrity vs despair); each stage has a conflict to resolve.

Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory

Learning through social interaction; Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

Kohlberg - Moral Development

3 levels: preconventional, conventional, postconventional; explains how moral reasoning develops.

Feral Children

Children raised with little or no human contact; examples: Genie, Victor of Aveyron.

Mental Health

Emotional, psychological, and social well-being; affects thinking, feeling, and behaviour.

Factors that influence mental health

Stress, genetics, environment, trauma, social support, coping skills.

Key Concepts of Mental Health

Mental health exists on a spectrum; mental illness is not a personal weakness; treatment includes therapy, support networks, lifestyle changes.