Chemistry and Biology Lecture Notes Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes covering matter, atomic structure, chemical bonds, water properties, the periodic table, and basic biological concepts.

Matter

Definite mass and takes up volume.

Plasma

The state of matter defined as ionized gas.

Homogeneous Mixtures

Substances with all one phase, such as in solutions.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

Substances with more than one phase (e.g., liquid and solid).

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle with mass, found in the nucleus.

Neutron

Electrically neutral subatomic particles with mass, found in the nucleus.

Electron

Negatively charged particles with very small mass, orbiting the nucleus.

Octet Rule

Filling the outer shell with the requisite number of electrons such that the shell is closed.

Cations

Positively charged particles formed by removing electrons.

Anions

Negatively charged particles formed by adding electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

Uneven distribution of electrons around a molecule, creating a tendency.

Non-polar Covalent Bond

Even distribution of electrons around a molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

Attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative element (such as O, P, N).

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Attraction between the positive pole of one molecule to the negative pole of another molecule.

Van der Waals Forces

Weak, temporary dipole-dipole attraction.

Isotope

Form of an element that differs in atomic mass.

Half-life

The amount of time it takes for the mass of a radioactive isotope to be reduced by one-half.

Alpha Particles

Helium nuclei particles (He+2).

Beta Particles

High energy electrons emitted during radioactive decay.

Gamma Particles

Light rays of high frequency emitted during radioactive decay.

Covalent Bonding

Bonding through sharing of electrons.

Ionic Compounds

A bond made through the force of attraction between a positively charged species and a negatively charged species.

Buffers

Chemicals that, when added to a solution, may resist a change in pH, but only within its buffering capacity.

Homeostasis

Regulation of an organism's internal environment when exposed to differing environmental conditions.

The scientific method

Observe identification; use the senses, make a hypothesis, design an experiment, collect data, analyze results, discuss the results to draw a conclusion. Was Hypothesis Accepted or rejected?

The definition of a living cell

Capable of reproducing itself without external help.