Unit 10 - Industrialization of Europe

Agricultural Revolution

A period of agricultural development marked by the introduction of new farming techniques and tools, contributing to increased productivity and population growth.

Capital

Wealth or assets used to invest in production or business ventures.

Pro-Business Politicians

Political leaders who advocate for policies that favor business growth and industry expansion.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing that uses mechanized production and centralized labor in factories.

Second Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth from 1870 to 1914 characterized by industrial processes increasing in scale and complexity.

Urbanization

The process of population movement from rural to urban areas, often leading to city growth and development.

Cholera

A bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, often associated with poor living conditions.

Trade Unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for their rights and interests in the workplace.

Proletariat

The working class, especially in relation to the capitalist class.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

Socialism

A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production and resources.

Electricity

A form of energy resulting from the flow of electric charge, which revolutionized power generation.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that generates power through combustion of fuel within a chamber, enabling the rise of automobiles and modern transportation.

The Great Famine/Great Hunger

A period of mass starvation and disease in Europe during the mid-19th century, particularly affecting Ireland.

Tenement

A type of housing, often overcrowded and poorly maintained, where many working-class families lived in urban areas.

Luddites

A group of English workers in the early 19th century who protested against industrialization by destroying machinery.

Factory Act (1833)

A British law aimed at improving working conditions in factories, especially for women and children.

May Day

International Workers' Day, observed on May 1st, promoting workers' rights and solidarity.

Domesticity

A cultural ideology that promotes homemaking, often applied to women's roles in society.

Mass Education

The widespread availability and accessibility of education to the general population.

Mass Leisure

The increased availability of leisure activities and entertainment to the working class as a result of industrialization.

The Woman Question

A term referring to the debate on women's roles, rights, and status in society.