Historical Perspectives Psychology (flash cards) - Madison

These flashcards cover essential concepts in psychology, including key figures, theories, and definitions.

Psychology is the science of and processes.

behavior and mental processes.

Mind-Body Dualism is the idea that and are separate substances.

mind and body.

René Descartes proposed the concept of __, viewing mind and body as interactive machines.

Dualism.

John Locke's concept of __ describes the mind as a blank slate.

Tabula Rasa.

Franz Joseph Gall is associated with the idea of __, which claims that specific areas of the brain correspond to character traits and emotions.

Phrenology.

Wilhelm Wundt established the first __ lab in 1879, emphasizing the need for rigorous studies of consciousness.

Experimental Psychology.

William James founded __, focusing on how mental processes evolve for adaptation.

Functionalism.

Freud's theory of psychoanalysis suggests that unconscious thoughts can influence __.

behavior.

According to Freud, unresolved conflicts in childhood can lead to __ later in life.

mental disorders.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs emphasizes the importance of __ in achieving self-actualization.

psychological needs.

The main focus of __ is observable behavior rather than introspection.

Behaviorism.

Classical Conditioning, as shown by Pavlov's dogs, demonstrates how an stimulus can create a response.

unconditioned; conditioned.

Skinner's approach to behaviorism emphasized the role of and in shaping behavior.

rewards; punishments.

The Cognitive Revolution emphasizes that mental processes can be inferred from __ behavior.

observable.

Humanistic Theory, advocated by Maslow and Rogers, prioritizes inherent potential for and .

growth; self-actualization.

Freud's defense mechanisms include __, where one refuses to face a negative behavior.

Denial.

Jung's contributions to psychology included the concept of the __ unconscious.

collective.

Gestalt psychology argues that __ is greater than the sum of its parts.

the whole.

Empiricists argue that knowledge is acquired solely through __ input.

sensory.

Freud's hierarchy of psychosexual stages begins with the __ stage, focusing on the mouth.

Oral.

The stage of development characterized by the resolution of the Oedipus/Electra complex is called __.

Phallic.

The idea that human knowledge is built from experience is known as __.

Empiricism.

In behaviorism, the term 'operant conditioning' refers to learning based on and .

reinforcement; punishment.