bio cells stuff - biol2003

cytosol organelles (prokaryotic)

cytoplasm and ribosomes

cell membrane organelles (prokaryotic)

plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx

nucleoid organelles (prokaryotic)

nucleiod

cell movement organelles (prokaryotic)

pili and flagella

nucleoid (prokaryotic)

site of genetic material

glycocalyx (prokaryotic)

outer gelatinous coating that traps water and prevents drying out

pili

allows cell to attach to other surfaces and each other

flagella

allows cells to move

cytoplasm (prokaryotic)

region of the cell contained by the plasma membrane and is the site of metabolic processes

ribosomes (prokaryotic)

free in the cytoplasm and synthesizes proteins

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer with embedded/peripheral proteins; serves as a barrier between internal and external content

cell wall (prokaryotic)

rigid membrane that protects and supports the plasma membrane and cytoplasm

cytosol organelles (eukaryotic)

cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

endomembrane organelles (eukaryotic)

rough and smooth er and golgi apparatus

nucleus organelles (eukaryotic)

nucleus, nucleolus, and chromatin

semi-autonomous organelles (eukaryotic)

mitochondria, chloroplasts

cytoplasm (eukaryotic)

outside the organeels and inside the plasma membrane; site of metabolic processes including synthesis and breakdown of molecules

centrioles (eukaryotic)

2 form the centrosome which anchoring site for microtubules, microtubules growth during cell division

microtubules

long, hollow that is important for cell shape and organization

intermediate filaments

twisted, ropelike that is tension bearing fibers that maintain cell shape and rigidity

actin filaments

long, thin that supports plasma membrane providing shape and strength

motor proteins

kinesin (walks cargo along microtubules), myosin (interacts with actin filaments and moves them), dynein (linking proteins limit movement; bend microtubules)

nuclear membrane

houses genetic material

nucleus

protection, organization, replication, and expression of the genetic material

chromatin

DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes

nucleolus

site of ribosomal subunit assembly

endoplasmic reticulum

network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules

rough er

sorts proteins so they go to their designated location and inserts proteins into the ER lumen and attaches carbohydrates to proteins and lipids

smooth er

large surface area for enzymes that have important metabolic roles, storage of calcium ions, and synthesizes and modifies lipids

golgi apparatus

involved in the processing (and glycosylation), protein sorting, and secretion

lysosomes

break down molecules and macromolecules using acid hydrolases and water — important for digestion of extracellular substances and recycling of intercellular substance

vacuoles

stores water, enzymes, and inorganic ions — important for filling space in plant cells and exerting turgor pressure and degradation of extracellular contents in protists

peroxisomes

break down organic molecules using catalase, also plays a role in metabolism of fats and amino acids

plasma membrane

movement of ions and molecules across the membrane, cell signaling processes, and cell adhesion

cotranslational sorting

occurs at the er membrane

post-translational

sends proteins to the nucleus, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

no sorting signals

proteins remain in the cytosol

processing step — golgi apparatus

glycosylation and proteolysis

protein sorting — golgi apparatus

golgi vesicles can transport proteins intracellularly

secretion — golgi apparatus

golgi vesicles can transport proteins extracellularly

mitochondria

produces ATP, also involved in synthesis, modification, and breakdown of cellular molecules

chloroplasts

capture light energy and use some of the energy to synthesize organic molecules during photosynthesis

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from and endosymbiotic relationship that gave rise to eukaryotic cells

dynamic cells

constantly adapting and responding to the environment, identical genomes and different proteomes because only particular sets of genes are expressed in any given type of cells

antibody

blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen — recognize and bind to a specific region of an antigen

western blotting

separates and analyzes specific proteins present in a sample

immunofluorescence

determines the localization pattern of proteins in a cell

steps:

1) cell fixation

2) permeabilization

3) add primary antibody and secondary

4) excite the dye to detect

co-immunoprecipitation

indentifies if proteins are in a complex together

steps:

1) breaks open cells and releases protein into solution

2) complex is brought to the bottom when centrifuged

3) remove everything that didnt get pulled down

4) run on gel

5) transfer to membrane and incubate

6) detect singals from dye ot enzyme

digestion by restriction enzymes

used to bind to a specific base sequence and cleave the DNA backbone at two defined locations

gfp tagging

visualize and track levels of gene expression in cells

can be done in living cells

fluid mosaic model

membrane is considered a mosaic of lipid, protein, and carbs molecules membrane that exhibit properties that resemble a fluid because lipids and proteins can move relative to each other within the membrane