Chapter 6 Key Notes - AP Human Geography

The 4 largest religions are

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism

3 main groups of folk religions are?

Chinese and African traditional as well as primal indigenous.

People unaffiliated with a religion make up % of the population this includes __________ and __________.

16, agnosticism, atheism

Christianity is the most practiced in?

the Western Hemisphere, most countries of Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa

Islam is most practiced in?

the middle east, and northern Africa

Hindu followers are ________ in __________ and they make up 80% of the population in India.

clustered(97%), India

the 4 regions with the most diverse religious composition are

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

List Christianity’s branches form most to least practiced in Europe

Catholic (47%), Orthodox (35%), protestant (18%)

The regions of Roman Catholic and Protestant majorities are frequently

sharply separated

within Belfast, Northern Ireland nearly all Roman Catholics live on the _______, protestants on the _____

West, East

Within Northern Ireland _______ have been long subjected to discrimination. Campaigns to end this led to ________ during which more than _____ people died. A 1998 peace agreement has reduced the level of violence however, ________________________________________________

Catholics, "the Troubles,", 3000, most Roman Catholics and Protestants continue to live in segregated neighborhoods within Belfast.

Christians comprise __ percent of the population of the Western Hemisphere. This includes __ percent of Latin Americans and __ percent of North Americans.

86, 90, 75

North American Christians are __________ whereas Latin American Christians are _________.

63% protestant, 81% Catholic

Black congregations and churches formed before 1800 were founded by free blacks because of segregation. They are distinct from other churches because they?

use empower individuals with elements of Christianity and African spiritual traditions.

The 3 branches of Buddhism(__________, ___________, __________) split because?

Mahayana, Theravada, and Vajrayana, they disagreed on the interpretations of their founder Siddhartha Gautama,

Why is it difficult to enumerate Buddhists?

Buddhist functions are performed by monks instead of the public and Buddhism is not an exclusive religion.

The countries with the most Muslims are?

Indonesia, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

Islam is divided into two principal branches: ______ and ______. Which branch is the much larger one?

Sunni, Shiite, Sunnis

_% of Europe’s population is Muslim, _._ million in Germany and _._ in France

7, 5.5, 5.4

Christianity and Islam have grown at the expense of ____________________ in Africa

traditional folk religion.

Most people who practice primal indigenous religions reside in?

Southeast Asia or on South Pacific islands, especially in Vietnam and Laos

Religions based in ________ show the difficulty of classifying ethnic religions and counting adherents because?

East Asia, Chinese traditional religions are syncretic

What are the percentages of people participating in universal, and Ethnic religions as well as the unaffiliated (agnostic and atheist).

Universalizing 58%

Ethnic 26%

Unaffiliated 16%

Briefly describe Sikhism

23~ Million adherents

Highly clustered 20/23 million are in India

Founder Guru Nanak

Briefly describe Juche

Organized by Kim Il Sung

Some consider it a governing philosophy as opposed to

Briefly describe Spiritism

mostly in brazil, belief in psychic mediums and that human personality exists after death

Briefly describe Judaism

Judaism from Judah, one of Jacob's sons

Torah (Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im (Prophets), Ketuvim (Writings)

Christianity and Islam trace back to Judaism

14 million Jews, 2/5 in the U.S., 2/5 in Israel

Briefly describe Baha’i

Universalizing religion, founded in 1844 in Iran, emphasizes unity and equality.

Briefly describe Tenrikyo

Originated as a branch of Shinto, separate since 1854, led by Nakayama Miki, 2 million adherents, 95% adherents in Japan.

Briefly describe Jainism

Originated 2,500 years ago in South Asia, focuses on nonviolence and self-control, 4 million adherents worldwide, 95% in India.

Briefly describe Shinto

Japan's ethnic religion, rooted in cultural history, officially reported 100 million adherents, but only 3% identify as Shinto in polls. (it is viewed more as a cultural feature than a religion)

Briefly describe Cai Dai

Founded in Vietnam in the 1920s, believes in God as the Supreme Being, opposed by rulers in Vietnam, 4 million adherents, mostly in Vietnam.

Briefly describe Zoroastrianism

Founded by Zoroaster 3,500 years ago, formalized 1,500 years ago in Persia, declined after Islam, 2-3 million adherents globally, with some reluctance in self-identification with the religon.

The two largest religions (__________ and _________) both originated from ______________?

Christianity and Islam, Southwest Asia/middle east area

Origin of Christianity

founded upon the teachings of Jesus (8-4 BCE - 30 CE). Jesus was raised as a Jew, he preached the coming of the Kingdom of God. He was betrayed and put to death by the Romans. They believe Jesus died for human sin and his resurrections provides people with hope for salvation.

Roman Catholics believe in the bible as well as the interpretation of ____________. They believe that God conveys his grace through the 7 sacraments: _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, _________, and _________.

The Pope, Baptism, the Eucharist (the partaking of bread and wine that repeats the actions of Jesus at the Last Supper), Penance, Confirmation, Matrimony, Holy Orders, and Anointing the Sick

The orthodox branch came into being in the ___ century but officially spit in 1054 after what happened?

5th, when Pope Leo IX condemned the Patriarch of Constantinople

Protestantism originated in the ____ century and adherents believe in what?

16th, individuals are responsible for salvation through direct communication with God. Grace is achieved through faith rather than through sacraments performed by the Church.

The core of Islam involves the Five Pillars of Islam:

1. Shahadah, Muslims frequently recite that god is the source of all creation and Muhammhad is their messenger.

2. Salat, five times daily, a Muslim prays, facing the city of Makkah (Mecca), as a direct link to God.

3. Zakat, a Muslim is generous and charitable

4. Sawm of Ramadan, the fast.

5. Hajj, if physically and financially able, make a pilgrimage to Makkah.

From what thing or person does Islam, Judaism, and Christianity all originate from? how are they different?

They all trace back to Abraham and his wives. Christianity and Judaism follow the story with his wife Sarah and his son Isaac whereas Islam Follows the story of Hagar and her son Ishmael.

In Islam, _____________ received a revelation from God through _____________, This was then written a the holiest book called the __________. This was written in ________ which then established it as a lingua franca.

Muhammad, Gabriel, Quran, Arabic

What is the difference between Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam?

In Sunni. it is believed that the Caliph should be elected. In Shiite, it is believed that the Caliph should follow the bloodline.

What is the origin of Buddhism?

Siddhartha Gautama, the founder, lived a privileged life witnessed tragedy, and was taught by a monk how to withdraw from the world. He lived in a forest for 6 years and then became the Buddha(enlightened one).

the 4 noble truths of Buddhism are?

1. Everyone must suffer

2. Suffering caused by the desire to live leads to reincarnation

3. The goal of all existence is to escape suffering into Nirvana (a state of complete redemption), achieved through mental and moral purification

4. Nirvana is attained through rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation

What are the 3 branches of Buddhism? what are their differences?

Theravada - believe only in renouncing everything and becoming a monk
Mahayana - more about Buddha helping others and his compassion
Vajrayana - emphasize rituals

Hinduism has an unknown _______?

origin

Describe the diffusion of Buddhism

Began in Northeastern India then spread to China by the Magadhan Empire and then Korea and Japan.

Describe the diffusion of Islam

Spread from origin through military conquest to areas of prominence today.

Describe the diffusion of Christianity

Replicative by missionaries, Hierarchal through the Roman Empire, and Contagious through colonization conquest, etc…

________, ___________, _________ are much more likely to migrate than other adherents.

Christians, Jews, and Muslims

Christians primarily migrate to ________ ___________, and _________.

North America, Europe

For Jews, Christians and Muslims, their migration patterns do not match their ___________.

Distributions

73% of internationally migrating Jews go to ________.

Israel

__________ churches are usually adorned, whereas ___________ counterparts are usually simpler.

Orthadox, Protestant.

This distinctive place of worship, usually with an open courtyard, and a minaret

Islamic Mosque

The Sikhs go to ______________ to pray. What is the most important one

Gudwaras, the Sikh Gudwara

________ have built houses of worship on every continent to show how it is universalizing. They must be in _____________________

Baha’is, nonagons (nine sided)

Buddhist pagodas contain relics which are what?

what they believe to be parts of Buddha or his clothes.

The 3 most holy locations in Islam is?

Al-Ka’ba in Makkah, Madinah, Jerusalem

How do most utopian settlements decline?

Residents were celibate and couldn’t attract immigrants.

What are some autonomous religions? (Many answers)

Islam, the Mosque is a place of public warship

Certain protestant denominations

Ethnic religions, Hinduism is on the individual or household level.

Briefly describe the line of authority for Roman Catholic hierarchy. What are Archdiocese

Diocese(bishop) → Province(Archbishop) → The Pope

They are Diocese that are managed by an Archbishop.

In Roman Catholicism, parishes can be very different, for example

In densely populated European regions with a strong Catholic presence, parishes are small and cover a few square kilometers. In contrast, Latin American parishes are larger, spanning hundreds of square kilometers, reflecting lower population density.

What is the Hindu caste system? he castes going for low to high ranking are: ________, _________, ________, _________, _________. How can caste influence religion?

It is a class system separating different levels of social standing. Dalit, Shudras, Vaisyas, Kshatriyas, Brahmans. different castes practice differently for example a Brahman may practice with nuanced texts whilst a Dalit might perform rituals without any explanations for them.

People who adhere to Christianity or Islam believe they can best serve their god by?

terraforming the land to suit their needs, building settlements, and cultivating land

As opposed to Christianity or Islam, Chinese folk traditions? When it comes to the environment.

Accept and the environment as is.

In Hinduism the holiest shrines are tied to? and a tirtha is a?

Riverbanks and coasts, a pilgrimage.

_______(pilgrimages in Hinduism) are an act of purification and people from all over India partake.

Tirtha’s

Hindu’s believe they achieve purification by ___________?

bathing in rivers, and being cremated(Antyesti)

The ______ is the holiest river in Hinduism

Ganges

Burial practices are affected by? and they are a prime example of religious what?

Climate, topography, religious doctrine. they are a prime example of religious land arrangement.

The religions that usually bury dead are

Christianity, Islam, and Judaism

Christian burial practices can be traced to

Roman catacombs

In relation to land use, how are Christianity and Islam different in using cemetaries?

Islamic countries are more open to the use of cemeteries as a public space.

Why are burial practices discouraged in China? what is encouraged instead?

It takes up too much land, cremation.

Why might certain groups prefer cremation as opposed to burial?

Their lifestyles(EX. nomadic) may not align with burial as they would be leaving them behind.

Cremation is believed to? It was also the prime form of body disposal in Europe before Christianity

free the soul and provide warmth for for the soul in the after life

Zoroastrians and Tibetan Buddhists both?

expose the dead to scavengers, cremation was still however used for exalted priests.

Differences in body disposal could be cause by?

Lifestyle (Ex. Nomadic,) or different social classes. (Ex. the lower class being flung into the water, whereas elites would have a raft or boat.)

Zoroastrians and the people of Micronesia exposed their bodies to scavengers in a Dakhma and disposed of bodies at sea respectively to?

prevent contamination of the living world

Which calendar is used by the following religions, Christianity, Islam, Judaism.

Solar(365 day year), lunar (354 day year), Luni-Solar (354 day year)

If people share a ethnic religion, they likely share?

History, language, and destiny

Islamic holidays arrive in different seasons from?

generation to generation

Different branches of religions may be different in

use of calendars(Catholic and Protestant Vs Orthodox) or date of celebrations(Buddhism).

Universalizing religions are distinguished from Ethnic religions

by their celebration of historic events as apposed to physical aspects. Ex. Sikhism’s holidays are historic events births or deaths or the 10 gurus

The _________ calendar is very different from others

Baha’i

Judaism’s 3 major holidays are based on?

the Hebrew bible and the agricultural calendar of Israel.

Major Jewish holidays are?

Psesach(Passover), Shavuot(feat of weeks), the Final harvest, Rosh Hashanah(New Year) and Yom Kippur(day of Atonement)

________________ dwindled the power and influence of religion in everyday life. When it fell there came a resurgence in religion.

Communism

The doctrine of communism was conflicted with ___________ in the Soviet Union and __________ in China.

Orthodoxy, Buddhism

In Tibet, the invasion of communism changed the life of the Nomads how?

Monasteries and temples were destroyed and people were required to work on farms rather than pursue their nomadic life.

Jews, Christians, and Muslims all fight over the city of ____________ because in all those religions, it is considered holy.

Jerusalem,

Independence war(When?), what happened

(1948-1949)Arabian nations attacked Israel, Israel, Egypt, and Jordan gained land

Suez war(When?), what happened

(1956) Egypt seizes the Suez Canal. British and French fought to get it opened again.

Six-day war(When?), what happened

(1967) after being blockaded again, Israel launches

a surprise attack gaining more land (Old Jerusalem, West Bank,

Golan Heights, Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula)

Yom Kippur war(When?), what happened

(1973) Israel attacked by neighbors but no ground lost

Peace treaty (When?), what does this mean?

(1979) Israel returns Sinai to Egypt

Jordon relinquished the __________, to Palestinian control and Egypt the _________.

West bank, Gaza strip.