Abnormal psych Chapter 9: Personality Disorders

Cluster A B and C

3 categories of [personality disorders

Cluster A

Odd‒Eccentric Personality Disorders

Cluster B

Dramatic‒Emotional Personality Disorders

Cluster C

Anxious‒Fearful Personality Disorders

personality

what is understood as how one feels, interacts with others, and perceives events

personality trait

Aspect of personality that is stable across time and across many situations

five-factor model

expresses the perspective that everyone's personality is organized along five broad personality traits or factors

five-factor model

a.       Negative emotionality vs emotional stability

b.      Extraversion vs introversion

c.       Openness vs closedness to experience

d.      Agreeableness vs antagonism

e.      Conscientiousness vs undependability

personality disorder

patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving markedly interfere with an individual's ability to function adaptively in the world and relate to others

paranoid personality disorder

is delineated by patterns of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others. They interpret others' motives as attempts to cause harm, are preoccupied with the belief that others are trying to harm or exploit them, seek information to confirm their suspicions and misinterpret situations to fit with their suspicions, are overly sensitive, and do not confide in others because of their own paranoia

treatment of paranoid personality disorder

occurs during a crisis or for treatment of anxiety and

depression because they do not see a problem with their paranoia

increase social skills and skills for handling problems

If receiving psychotherapy, it is not recommended that the therapist confront the paranoid beliefs but rather

schizoid personality disorder

delineated by

a.       Patterns of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotion.

b.      Experience of both positive and negative emotions is blunted.

c.       Persons typically does not desire interpersonal closeness with others.

d.      Although may occasionally experience and express negative emotions related to interpersonal interactions.

e.      Indifferent to criticism or praise from others.

treatment for schizoid personality disorder

increase awareness and expression of feelings and improve social skills and number of social contacts

schizotypal disorder

delineated by

a.       Socially isolated

b.      Restricted range of emotions.

c.       Uncomfortable interpersonal interactions.

d.      Odd and eccentric behavior.

e.      Tangential, vague, or overdetailed speech

f.        Highly suspicious of others.

g.       Often believe others can read their thoughts.

h.      Illusions.

Cluster B personality disorders

People with dramatic‒emotional personality disorders tend to have unstable emotions and to engage in dramatic and impulsive behavior

borderline personality disorder

can be recognized as having:

a.       Pervasive pattern of unstable self-image, emotions, and interpersonal relationships along with marked impulsivity.

b.      Out-of-control emotions that cannot be soothed.

c.       Hypersensitivity to abandonment.

d.      Tendency to cling too tightly to other people.

e.      History of hurting oneself.

f.        Frequently experience depression, anxiety, anger and suicidality.

theories of borderline personality disorder

a.       Potential of childhood abuse , neglect, and instability which contributes to difficulties in:

a.       Regulating emotions and attaining a positive stable identity.

b.      People never learned to fully differentiate their view of themselves from their view of others.

c.       Makes them extremely reactive to others' opinions of them and to the possibility of abandonment.

d.      Smaller amygdala and hippocampus results in difficulty in regulating moods.

e. Dysregulation of emotional reactions and poor control of impulsive behavior

dialectical behavior therapy

treatments for borderline personality usually include (allows clients to gain a more realistic and positive sense of self, teaches adaptive skills for solving problems and regulating emotions, and trains for emotional predictability and problem solving)

histrionic personality disorder

includes:

a.       Pervasive pattern of attention-seeking behavior including inappropriate seductiveness and dramatic emotionality.

b.      Cling to others because of deep sense of self-doubt and unstable identity.

c.       Desperately seek approval from others to the extent that they take on characteristics and preferences of new acquaintances.

d.      Often perceive relationships as more intimate than they are.

Narcissistic personality disorder

characterized by:

a.       Pattern of behavior characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance lack of empathy for others, and an excessive need for admiration

b.      Will use or hurt others for own gain.

c.       Belief that one is special and entitled to special treatment.

theories behind narcissistic personality disorder

a.       Maladaptive strategies for managing emotions and self-views.

b.      Patients rely on praise and domination of others to maintain a positive sense of self and to manage emotions.

c.       May be the result of unrealistically positive assumptions about self-worth developed because of indulgence and overvaluation by others during childhood.

d.      People develop the belief that they are unique or exceptional as a defense against rejection by important people in their lives.

Avoidant personality disorder

characterized by:

A pattern of social inhibition feelings of inadequacy and a fear of being criticized, which lead to the avoidance of social interactions and nervousness

treatment approaches to avoidant personality disorder

a.       Gradual exposure to social settings.

b.      Social skills training.

c.       Challenges to negative automatic thoughts about themselves and social situations.

dependent personality disorder

characterized by:

A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of, and leading to high levels of dependance on others.

Treatment of dependent personality disorder

a.       Assisting clients to gain insight into early experiences with caregivers that may have led to dependency behaviors and beliefs.

b.      Increase assertive behaviors.

c.       Decrease anxiety through graded-exposure to anxiety-provoking situations.

d.      Relaxation techniques.

e.      Gradually increase the number of independent behaviors such as decision making.

OCPD

characterized by:

a.       Patterns of behavior characterized by excessive concern with perfection and having things a certain way

b.      Rigid beliefs and control over oneself and one's environment.

c.       Overly controlled emotions.

d.      Overlap with “Type A” personality characteristics.

e.      Have great difficulty relaxing or having leisure time.

f.        Rigidly follow rules and schedules.

g. Become very upset when rules are not followed, or something interferes with their plans

treatment of OCPD

a.       Assist in overcoming the crises that spur someone seeking treatment.

b.      Decrease compulsive behaviors.

c.       Relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety and tension.

d.    Challenge negative thoughts about disruptions in routine.