Period 9 Vocab

no child left behind

• aimed to improve student performance in public schools
• funded stronger reading programs and extensively training teachers.

hurricane katrina

• hurricane that hit gulf coast and flooded new orleans
• 1000 people died and many were left in desperate positions

great recession/troubled assets relief act (TARP)

• stock market lost 1/2 its value and unemployment peaked at more than 10%
• sparked many obama reform plans

american recovery and reinvestment act

• provided $787 B economic stimulus package designed to create 3.5 M jobs
• balanced healthcare, education, and construction projects

dodd-frank

• designed to improve regulation of baking and investments
• protected taxpayers from ballots of businesses

consumer financial protection bureau

• regulated consumer products like mortgages and credit cards
• did not break up big banks that led to an economic meltdown

paris agreement

• agreement with 195 other nations to reduce global carbon emissions
• congress disagreed with science between climate change

patient protection and affordable care act

• extended affordable wealth insurance through subsidies insurance exchanges
• 20M americans gained coverage

tea party

• conservative party who opposed Obamacare, abortion, and immigration
• republicans took control over the house of representatives

tax cuts and jobs act

• cut corporate tax rate from 35 to 21%
• lowered personal tax brackets

america first

• policy adopted by trump to protect US interests first
• increased prices for US consumers

USMCA

• designed to protect american jobs
• won bipartisan support in congress

2020 pandemic

• COVID-19 pandemic that surged worldwide
• Killed many, led to quarantine, shut down schools and businesses, and led to high inflation rates

rise of ISIS

• Islamic State of Iraq and Syria which vowed to create worldwide caliphate
• US lost many soldiers to this organization

republican revolution

• republicans gained control of both houses in congress
• “contract with america” was prevalent

tax cuts vs. social security

• republicans pressed for tax cuts not to help social security
• gave tax credits for higher education expenses

internet

• use of personal computers and software which increased productivity
• made e-commerce a part of American culture

boom of the 1990s

• American businesses cut costs and increased profitability
• held down US interest rates to below 3%

globalization

• increases in trade and communication worldwide
• promoted the division of global and regional economic developments

NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Afreement which created free trade zone with Canada and Mexico
• out of fear to job losses in Mexico

WTO

• oversaw trade agreements and enforced trade rules
• settled international economic disputes

IMF

• made loans to and supervised economic policies of poorer nations
• due to surging trade increase

G8

• world largest industrial powers- Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, US, and UK
• China, Indian , and Brazil later emerged as world leaders

digital security and privacy

• data used was exposed and threatened American privacy
• gave wealth to corporations like Google and Facebook

concentration wealth/top 1%

• top 1% held 43% of the nations financial wealth
• increased gap between the rich and the poor

immigration reform and control act of 1986

• attempted to create a fair entry process for immigrants
• granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants from mexico

illegal immigration reform and immigrant responsibility act

• reformed the process for admitting or removing undocumented immigrants
• strengthened immigration laws and limited undocumented immigrants

deferred action for childhood arrivals economies (south and west)

• protected undocumented young people to be more educated and apply for a work visa
• undocumented immigrants in the United States decreased during Obama’s presidency

political power (south and west)

• more political leaders emerged from the south and west
• seven presidents before Obama came from the Sunbelt

cultural change (south and west)

• southern and western music and christian ideals became more popular
• Hispanic culture also emerged with increased immigration rates

single-parent families

• increased heavily in the 2000s
• children in these families were troubled

election of 2000 bush v. gore

• supreme court issued 5-4 decision, making Bush the victory
• - overruled the Florida supreme court

september 11 terror attacks

• Osama bin laden, leader of al-qaeda, hijacked the plane and flew into the world trade organization
• 3000 people died and empowered Bush to take action

homeland security

• US implemented more background checks and airport searches
• effort to reduce terrorist attacks

USA PATRIOT act

• gave US unparalleled powers to obtain information and expand surveillance
• result of all terrorist attacks

iraw war/operation iraqi freedom

• US invaded Iran for suspicions and captured Saddam Hussein
• public support and US public image worsened

bush doctrine

• old policies of containment weren’t effective in terrorist world
• used to justify US self-protection in Middle East

election of 2008

• barack obama vs. john mccain
• obama becomes first black president

arab spring

• wave of protests in the middle east and north Africa
• civil unrest put pressure on Obama

supply-side economics/reaganomics

• tax cuts and reduced government spending would increase investment which would lead to prosperity
• shifted away from government spending

economic recovery tax cut

• 25% decrease in personal taxes over three years
• guaranteed that a large share of tax relief went to upper income

deregulation

• lifting on restriction on business and industry by federal agencies
• approached with republicanism

PATCO

• reagan fired shrinking air traffic controls and decretified their union
• depopularized labor unions

budget and trade deficits

• Reagans tax cuts and military spending created federal deficits
• tripled national debt

americans with disabilities act

• prohibited discrimination against disabled people in hiring, transportation, etc.
• brought disabled individuals into mainstream of American life

strategic defense initiative/star wars

• plan for building high tech-system of lasers and particles beams to destroy missiles
• caused the defense budget to double

nicaragua/iran-contra affair

• US secretly sold missiles to Irans government and used money to aid Contras
• made Reagan lose popularity support and votes

grenada

• US sent forces to stop pro-cuban coup in caribbean islands
• reestablished pro-US government in Grenada

PLO

• Palestinian fighters stopping Israeli raids and crimes
• were invaded in Lebanon by the US

persian gulf war

• US fought against Saddam Hussein raid in Kuwait
• only took 100 hours to defeat the army

tiananmen square

• China attacked pro-democracy protests
• killed thousands and ended political environment in china

eastern europe/breakup of soviet union

• self-determination led to state’s independence
• led to the creation of Russia

war in former yugoslavia

• US troops sent to stop ethnic cleansing
• Europes bloodiest conflicts since WW2

cyber attacks

• as internet availability increased, Russians, Chinese, and Iranians stole American political information
• Russia tampered information in the 2016 election

republican tax cuts

• $11.35 trillion tax cut which lowered the top tax bracket
• gave all taxpayers an immediate tax rebate

economies (south and west)

• sunbelt was booming because of low taxes, weak labor unions, and oil availability.
• attracted tourists and retired, old people

Jimmy Carter

1974 became the 39th President (Democratic), with Vice President Walter Mondale. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights.

Carter successes

-Camp David Accords

-SALT II

-Panama canal given to Panama

-Deregulation of the airlines

-Department of Energy and Education created

-Recognize People's Republic of China as China, not Taiwan (economic basis)

Camp David Accords (1978)

The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

SALT II

Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.

Carter Failures

-Banks free of Congressional control (savings and loans); led to failures

-Iran Hostage Crisis

-Aid Central American dictatorships (Nicaragua, etc.)

-Slow down military spending

-Unable to stop Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

-Stagflation increases

-Energy crisis (oil prices skyrocket)

-Told the American public to get by with less; criticized America

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage.

The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release.

On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989)

Invaded in December 1979

The Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan and immediately assumed complete military and political control of Kabul and large portions of the country.

This event began a brutal, decade-long attempt to subdue the Afghan civil war and maintain a friendly and socialist government on its border

Soviet's Vietnam

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth, high unemployment (stagnation), and high inflation

Energy Crisis

When Carter entered office *inflation soared due to the increases in energy prices by OPEC. *

In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase.

Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

Ronald Regan

1980 Republican presidential candidate who won; former actor and governor of California; won due to his "can-do" attitude and Carter's failures

Supply-side economics

-Reduce corporate and the wealthy's taxes

-Believed that the money saved would be reinvested into the economy, which would create more jobs

-Hurt the poor

-Failed; gap between rich and poor widened

Other names for supply-side economics

Trickle down economics, voodoo economics

Economy under Reagan

-Continued a recession for 2 years before revived

-Inflation subsided