Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

A collection of vocabulary flashcards based on the key concepts of cellular respiration and fermentation.

Catabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules and release stored energy's

Glycolysis

The process that initiates the degradation of glucose, splitting it into two molecules of pyruvate.

Aerobic respiration

A form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen as a reactant and occurs in most eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.

Anaerobic respiration

A form of cellular respiration that occurs without oxygen, using substances other than oxygen as electron acceptors.

Redox Reactions

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons, where oxidation involves loss of electrons and reduction involves gain of electrons.

Reducing Agent

A substance that donates electrons and becomes oxidized in a redox reaction.

Oxidizing Agent

A substance that accepts electrons and becomes reduced in a redox reaction.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, creating a proton gradient.

Chemiosmosis

The process by which ATP is synthesized using the energy from a proton gradient across a membrane.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

The synthesis of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a phosphorylated intermediate.

Citric Acid Cycle

A series of biochemical reactions that fully oxidize acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme complex that uses a proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Obligate anaerobes

Organisms that can only survive in environments without oxygen.

Obligate aerobes

Organisms that require oxygen to survive.

Facultative anaerobes

Organisms that can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen, using fermentation or respiration.

Feedback Mechanisms

Regulatory processes that control cellular respiration, often involving allosteric enzymes like phosphofructokinase.

Chemiosmosis

is mitochondria in cellular rsp, in chloroplasts in photosynthesis

Food

(carbs, proteins, fats

Anabolism-

builds (photosynthesis

Glycolysis

cytosol, initial breakdown, ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

Citric acid cycle

mitochondria, completes breakdown, ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Mitochondria take energy and produce ATP using the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, generating 90% of all ATP

Electron transport chain

Complex 1, 3, and 4 contribute to the proton gradient for chemiosmosis

Alcohol fermentation

co2, atp, ethanol

Lactic acid fermentation

atp, lactic acid