memory - ap psych

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

Encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system.

Storage

The process of retaining encoded information over time.

Retrieval

The process of accessing stored information.

Sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information.

Short term Memory (STM)

activated memory that holds a few items briefly (about 7±2 items for ~20–30 seconds).

Long Term Memory (LTM)

relatively permanent and limitless storage of information.

Working Memory

a newer understanding of STM that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming information and information retrieved from LTM.

Chunking

organizing information into manageable units to improve recall.

Mnemonic

a memory aid, especially a technique that uses imagery or organization.

Spacing effect

distributed practice leads to better long-term retention than cramming.

Serial position effect

tendency to recall best the first (primacy) and last (recency) items in a list.

Explicit (declarative) memory

memories of facts and experiences that can be consciously recalled.

Implicit (nondeclarative) memory

retention of learned skills or conditioned associations without conscious recall.

Procedural memory

type of implicit memory for motor skills and habits.

Declarative memory

type of explicit memory for facts and events.

Semantic memory

Memory of facts and general knowledge

Episodic memory

Memory of personally experienced events

Recall

Retrieving information without cues

Recognition

Identifying learned information with cues

Relearning

Measuring memory by how quickly information is learned again.

Proactive interference

Old information interferes with learning new information

Retroactive interference

New information interferes with recall of old information

Misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment (not always accurate).