AP Government Ch. 2 Federalism Vocabulary

Federalism

sharing of power between a central government and equally sovereign regional (state) governments.

unitary government

governments with a single governing authority in a central capital with uniform law throughout the land

Full Faith and Credit Clause

states must regard and honor the laws in other states

Privileges and Immunities Clause

prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.

extradition

obligates states to deliver captured fugitive criminals back to the state where they committed the original crime

police power

state powers to create and enforce laws on health, safety, and morals

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

delegated/expressed powers

powers directly given to the federal government by the Constitution

reserved powers

powers not specifically listed in the Constitution, therefore are given to the states

concurrent powers

governing powers that are held by both the state and the federal governments, such as taxing, law enforcement, and courts

Obergefell v. Hodges

Supreme Court case in which the court ruled in favor to the right to same-sex marriage guaranteed by the due process clause and the equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment

loose constructionist

broad interpretation of the Constitution

strict constructionist

narrow interpretation of the Constitution

Whiskey Rebellion

Rebellion of farmers protesting tax on whiskey. Effects of the war: Washington put rebellion down quickly proving the strength of the federal government, while strengthening opposition to the federal government by the Jefferson's Democratic Republicans

compact/contract theory

The idea that the Constitution represents an agreement among sovereign states to form a common government.

Nullification

right to declare null and void any federal law if a state thought the law violated the Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government

dual federalism

A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.

selective exclusiveness

a doctrine asserting that only Congress may regulate when the commodity (asset/product) requires a national uniform rule

revenue sharing

federal government sharing tax money (revenue) with state and local money. Part of

Cooperative Federalism

A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.

Fiscal Federalism

Federal government using money (grants) to influence & control states.

Grants

money given by the national government to the states

categorical grants

Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport

strings attached

traditional control that tells the state government what it must do if it wants to receive federal grant money

block grants

Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines

grants-in-aid

federal funds to states that qualify for financial assistance

Marble Cake Federalism

type of federalism in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs. State and federal government both have authority over an issue.

conditions of aid

Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

Mandates

terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants

Devolution

the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

Clean Air Act

Federal law that set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Legislation passed in 1990 that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities. Under this Act, discrimination against a disabled person is illegal in employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications and government activities.

No Child Left Behind

educational law that set high standards and measurable goals for education.