LSU Psychology 2000 Final-Tucker

Wertheimer

influential for the mergence of psychology & cognitive/perception science. Sensation & perception heavily influence our consciousness. "father of cognitive/perception psychology." Gestalt psychology

Frued

"father of clinical/counseling/professional psychology." 1st to attempt to study the unconscious. Created the 1st evidence-based therapy for mental health concerns. Unconscious/Psychoanalysis

Social

study of groups, relationships, social influences on behavior

Titchener

student of Wundt who translated his works to English - Wundt big influence. Structuralism

Pavlov

the myth the legend of behavioral learning. Work was the foundation for the move away from the study of consciousness to behaviors. Conditioning

Psychodynamic

focuses on the development of a sense of self-discovery of unknown motivations behind a person's behavior.

Attachment Theory

type of bond formed between a care giver and infant

Behavioral

continues to be a leading psychological perspective (clinical, industrial/organizational, etc.).

Operant Conditioning

how to manipulate voluntary behavior by changing the consequences of behavior) B.F. Skinner

Humanistic

emphasis on conscious & immediate experiences & the empowerment of the individual to become the best he/she can be

self-actualize

Carl Rodgers

free will

Humanists held the view that people have the freedom to choose/ shape. Abraham Maslow

Cognitive

how people think, remember, & store information - grew from gestalt psychology.

Cognitive Neuroscience

brain and cognitive processing

Sociocultural

combines social & cultural psychology

Cultural

study of cultural values & norms, or standards of behavior

Biopsychological

mental processes can be explained by the interaction w/biological factors like genes or hormones

behavioral genetics

the relationships between certain genes & mental processes & behaviors

Evolutionary

argues that human behavior is a result of psychological adaptations that help people successfully function & survive - grew from functionalism

Wundt

1st attempt to bring objectivity/measurement in psychology. Founded the 1st experimental psychology lab. "father of psychology." Objective introspection

James

Harvard professor of anatomy & physiology. Diverged from the scientific study of consciousness in a practical & meaningful way. Functionalism

Watson

"father of behaviorism." Work influences everything from simple theories of learning to how anxiety is created - Pavlov big influence. Behaviorism

Naturalistic Observation

watching animals or humans behave in their natural environment

Laboratory Observation

watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting

Case studies

study of 1 individual in great detail

Surveys

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people

Correlations

a measure of the relationship between two variables/things that change

Experiment

a researcher manipulates 1 variable (IV) & measures the effect of the manipulation on another (DV)

Dependent Variable

the variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

Independent Variable

the variable in an experiment that's manipulated by the experimenter

Control Group

subjects in an experiment who aren't subjected to the independent variable & who may receive a placebo treatment (controls for some confounding variables)

Experimental Group

subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the IV

Confounding variables

Extraneous variable that affects the variables you're interested in studying

Placebo

procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect

Operational Definition

definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

Dendrite

receive messages from other neurons

Nucleus

contains genetic material (DNA), which is the basic information to manufacture all the characteristics of that cell

soma

the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

Axon Terminals

ends of axonal branches of the neuron, specialized for communication b/w cells

Myelin Sheath

fatty substances that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, & speed up the neural impulse

Axon

carries the neural message from the cell body to the axon terminals for communication w/other cells

Resting Potential

The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

-50mv

at ____ an action potential is triggered and sodium channels open to slowly allow sodium into the cell

-70mv

Potassium pumps are slow to react when the cell is back at resting state ________, so the cell is hyperpolarized for a brief time.

Synapse

Microscopic fluid-filled space between the axon of one cell and the dendrites or soma of the next cell

Neurotransmitters

chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell

Reuptake

Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

Neurons ON

Excitatory Neurotransmitter (NT)
Receiving cell fires

Neurons OFF

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
Receiving cell stops firing

Agonists

Mimic or Enhance the effects of a NT

Antagonists

Block or Reduce the effects of a NT

Acetylcholine

-Important for learning, memory, muscle movement; Alzheimer's disease
-Excitatory or inhibitory

Serotonin

-Influences mood and regulates food intake; depression
-Mainly excitatory

Dopamine

Important to movement and to frontal lobe activity; schizophrenia
Excitatory or inhibitory

Dopamine

____________ is also linked to the delusions and hallucinations of schizophrenia.

dopamine

Parkinson's patients treated with ____________ agonists can develop symptoms of Schizophrenia.

PNS

-somatic nervous system
-autonomic nervous system

CNS

consists of brain and spinal cord

Somatic Nervous System

nerves that carry info from the senses to the CNS & from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

Autonomic Nervous System

nerves that control all the involuntary muscles, organs, & glands
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic

Sympathetic

"fight or flight"
responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal

Parasympathetic

"rest and digest"
the body to normal functioning
after arousal and is responsible
for the day-to-day functioning
of the organs and glands

Reflex Arc

sensory neurons (afferent neurons) carries info to CNS; quickly remove hand - interneurons gets message from sensory neurons & sends it to motor neurons (efferent neurons) so you move your hand)

Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

what three things make up the brain?

medulla

regulates heart rate and breathing

pons

links cerebellum, affects, affects arousal, dreaming

Midbrain

Vision, hearing, and eye and body movement

Amygdala, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cingulate Cortex, Hippocampus

What parts make up the limbic system?

Amygdala

Emotions

thalamus

Relay station between lower part of the brain and the cortex

Hypothalamus

Motivation behaviors- sleep, hunger, thirst, sex

Cingulate cortex

Emotions and cognition

Hippocampus

Memory

Hemispheres, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

what are the 5 parts of the brain structure?

hemispheres

connected by the corpus callosum

Frontal Lobe

reasoning, decision making, fluent speech, personality- motor cortex(sensations)

Temporal Lobe

Hearing, meaningful speech

Occipital Lobe

Vision

Broca's

speaking impairment, difficulty getting words out, aware they're having difficulty - get easily frustrated

Wernicke's

understanding impairment, sentences don't make sense, not aware they don't make sense

Absolute threshold and just noticeable difference

two types of sensory thresholds

Absolute Threshold

the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time it's present

Just noticeable difference

the difference b/w 2 stimuli that's detectable 50% of the time

Habituation

The brain stops attending to constant unchanging information

Sensory adaptation

sensory receptor cells become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

Microsaccades

Constant movement of the eyes; tiny little vibrations that people do not notice consciously

Brightness

Amplitude
The higher the wave, the brighter the light will be.

Hue (color)

Wavelength
Longer wavelengths = more red
Shorter wavelengths = more blue

Saturation

Purity of color
Mixing in black or gray lowers the saturation

cones

differentiating colors at night

rods

try to see things at night

Pupil

Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment (light enters)

Iris

Round muscle (the colored part of the eye)
its muscles control the size of the pupil
helps with focusing

Lens

Finishes the focusing process begun by the cornea

Aqueous Humor

Clear liquid that nourishes the eye

Cornea

-Clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye
-Protects the eye
-Focuses most of the light coming into the eye
-bends light waves so the image can refocused on the retina

Vitreous Humor

jelly-like liquid that nourishes and gives shape to the eye

Retina

final stop for light in the eye
Contains three layers:

Photoreceptor

cells - that respond to various light waves

Bipolar cells

Transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion