Anatomy and Physiology Lab (QUIZ 1)

molecular level

atoms interacting to form molecules, to then turn into protein fibers. (DNA)

cellular level

molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of the body

tissue level

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ level

contains two or more types of tissues, functioning together

organ system level

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

organism level

organ systems working together

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

supine

lying on the back

prone

lying face down

superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

anterior (ventral)

front of the body, including palms of hands

posterior (dorsal)

back of body

medial

toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

(adj.) on or near the surface; concerned with or understanding only what is on the surface, shallow

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

cephalic region

head

cervical region

neck

thoracic region

chest

axillary region

armpit

brachial region

upper arm (shoulder to elbow)

antecubital region

front of elbow (where blood is drawn)

antebrachial region

forearm (elbow to wrist)

carpal region

wrist

manual region

hand

abdominal region

abdomen; on anterior side of trunk

lumbar region

loin, lower back

gluteal region

buttocks; on posterior side of trunk

pelvic region

area of the pelvis below the abdomen

pubic region

genital region

inguinal region

groin region between legs and genitals

femoral region

thigh region (hip to knee)

crual region

lower leg, from knee to ankle

popliteal region

back of knee

sural region

the posterior part of the leg (the calf)

tarsal region

ankle

pedal region

foot

plantar region

sole of the foot (inferior body surface)

patellar region

knee

transpyloric plane

horizontal plane that passes through the pylorus, the duodenal junction, the neck of the pancreas, and the hilum of the kidneys

transtubercular plane

inferior to the umbilicus and crosses the abdomen at the level of the superior hips

lateral planes (right and left)

positioned slightly to the nipples (closer to the body center)

umbilical region

The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus

epigastric region

superior to the umbilical region

hypogastric region

inferior to the umbilical region

hypochondriac region

to the right and left of the epigastric region, below the ribs

right and left lumbar regions

lateral to the umbilical region and spinal column between the bottom ribs and the hip bones

inguinal region

lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones

transverse section (cross section)

a cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

vertical section

Parallel to the vertical positioning of the body and often includes the sagittal and frontal sections.

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

cranial cavity

houses the brain

spinal cavity

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

mediastinum cavity

midportion of the thoracic cavity containing the heart and trachea

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

peritoneal cavity

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

visceral pleura

inner layer of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

parietal pleura

outer layer of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart

viseral pericardium

covers the surface of the heart

parietal pericardium

outer layer of the pericardium

peritoneum

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum (kidneys)

brain

an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.

spinal cord

Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

trachea

a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

heart

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

stomach

A muscular and elastic sac that serves mainly to store food, break it up mechanically, and begin chemical digestion of proteins and fat.

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

large intestine (colon)

Absorbs water, vitamins and minerals from gut content

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

liver

produces bile and stores glycogen

gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

kidneys

Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste

urinary bladder

saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction, control center of the cell

nucleus membrane

protects the nucleus, separates the cells DNA

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chromatin

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

A membrane

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.