Chapter 1 - The Contemporary World (CTCW)

Introduction to the Study of Globalization

globalization

It is the first concept related in the course of the contemporary world.

Contemporary World

It is our home where we all live at these extraordinary and unexpected times.

(1) broad and inclusive (2) narrow and exclusive

The definition of globalization can be classified as?

Ohmae

He stated the “…globalization means the onset of a borderless world”.

Robert Cox

He discussed that “the characteristics of the globalization trend include the internalization (of various sectors)… making states into agencies of the globalizing world”.

Lobo, Ambida, Maliban, and Mesinas (2019)

They define globalization as “a global movement towards integration of the economy, finance, commerce, and communications opening up local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader view of an interconnected world with free transfers of capital, goods, and services across national borders”

Robertson

He/she defined globalization as “world compression and global awareness intensification”.

Ritzer

He/she defined globalization as a so-called transplanetary process containing increasing liquidity and the growing flows of people, objects, places, information and structures encountered and create barriers to those flows.

Martin Khor

He/she briefly described globalization as “colonization”.

Manfred Steger

He/she provided the description that globalization is the “expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world space” (as cited in Claudio and Abinales, 2018).

globalization

It is an economic process where transfer of goods, services, and information flow effortlessly across borders leading to strengthen social relations with others across the globe.

Liberalization, Free Trade, Globalization of economic activity, Liberalization of Import/Export System, Privatization, Increased Collaborations, Economic Reforms

What are the (7) natures of globalization?

Solidity, Liquidity, Flows

What are the (3) metaphors of globalization?

Solidity

These are obstacles that prevent movement of things e.g. landforms, bodies of water.

Liquidity

It is the growing ease of movement of people, things, and information e.g. stock market.

Flows

It is the movement of people, things, and information brought by penetrability of global limitations e.g. foods introduced by foreign cultures.

(1) Peaceful relations;

(2) Employment;

(3) Education;

(4) Product Quality;

(5) Cheaper Prices;

(6) Communication;

(7) Transportation;

(8) GDP Increase;

(9) Free Trade;

(10) Travel and Tourism; and

(11) External Borrowing.

What are the (11) advantages of globalization?

(1) Health Issues;

(2) Loss of Culture;

(3) Uneven Wealth Distribution;

(4) Environment Degradation;

(5) Disparity;

(6) Conflicts; and

(7) Cut-throat Competition

What are the (7) disadvantages of globalization?

David McDonald

He introduced the 7 types of globalization.

Financial globalization

It is the interconnection of world’s financial systems. (e.g. stock markets)

Economic globalization

It is the worldwide economic system that permits easy movement of goods, production, capital, and resources (free trade). (e. g. NAFTA, EU, MNCs)

Technological globalization

It is the connection between nations through technology. (e.g. internet)

Political globalization

It is the countries attempting to adopt similar political policies and styles of government to facilitate other forms of globalization. (e.g. move to secular governments)

Cultural globalization

It is the merging of world’s cultures. (e.g. food, entertainment, and language)

Ecological globalization

It is seeing Earth as a single ecosystem where problems are global in nature e.g. international environmental treaties like biodiversity or climate change.

Sociological globalization

It is the growing belief that we are all global citizens and should be held to the same standards and same rights. (e.g. growing international ideas that capital punishment is immoral and that all women should have the same rights as men)

Liberalism

It sees globalization as driven by the market and connectivity across the globe come from human drives for material well-being and exercise of basic freedoms and rights.

Political Realism

It is interested in questions of state power, national interest, and conflict between states. This is characterized by a strong state or ‘hegemon’ state keeping international rules and institutions that often cater to its own interests.

Marxism

It concerned with forms of production, social exploitation through unjust distribution of wealth, and social deliverance by going beyond capitalism; Class is a key block of power in globalization.

Constructivism

It is the way people have constructed the social world with language, symbols, images, and interpretation from forms of consciousness by focusing on how social actors ‘construct’ their world in their own minds and by conversing with others like dialogue and symbolic exchanges but it neglects structural inequalities and power hierarchies in social relations.

Postmodernism

It stresses significance of structural power in creation of identities and standards where the leading structure of knowledge in modern society is rationalism where authoritarian logic leads to a kind of cultural imperialism.

Feminism

It places attention on masculinity and femininity with social order being influenced by biological sex where women are oppressed and violated over the course of history.

Transformationalism

It was explicated by David Held and his associates where globalization reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic, and cultural matters across the world creating a “shared social space”

Eclecticism

Scholte combined the above social theories of globalization as forces of production, governance, identity, and knowledge.

David Held

He explicated Transformationalism

Scholte

He combined the above social theories of globalization as forces of production, governance, identity, and knowledge.

Homogeneity

It is the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies to create common practices;

Heterogeneity

It is the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups.

Cultural imperialism

It is where a given culture influences other cultures.

Media imperialism

It undermines alternative global media from developing countries.

Americanization

Where import by non-Americans of products are closely associated with Americans.

McDonaldization

The process by which Western countries are led by principles of fast food restaurants involving global spread of rational systems such as efficiency, calculability, predictability and control.

Grobalization

The process where nations or corporations impose themselves on geographic areas to gain profits

Glocalization

Coined by Roland Robertson in 1992 for global forces mingling with local factors.

Roland Robertson

He coined the term “glocal” in 1992 which became the theory of Glocalization.

Hyperglobalists approach

It is the neo-liberal agenda viewing globalization as open market placing importance of global marketplace with multinational enterprises (MNEs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) as key actors

Sceptical approach

It questions usefulness of trading blocs and views issue through historic angle considering most exchange takes place on regional than global.

Transformationalists approach

It is more balanced stance towards globalization in agreement with hyperglobalists on growth of global interconnectedness promoting economic and political integration causing stratification distancing where some nations and communities get full advantage but others become more disadvantaged

Silk roads (1st century BC-5th century AD, and 13th-14th centuries AD)

It is the period where luxury products from China started to appear on European continent specifically in Rome;

Spice routes (7th-15th centuries)

It is the period where spices were important to Islamic trades in the Middle Ages from Maluku islands in Indonesia.

Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries)

It is the period where European explorers such as Columbus discovered America and Magellan connected East and West circumnavigating the world

First wave of globalization (19th century – 1914)

It is the period where British Empire conquered the world with inventions like steam engine as era of First Industrial Revolution;

World wars

It is the period World War I in 1914 destroyed Western high society followed by US Great Depression even ending the thriving economy in South America and World War II from 1939-1945 affected trade by lowering of world GDP to 5%;

World War I in 1914

It majorly destroyed the Western high society.

US Great Depression

It reached by even ending the thriving economy in South America.

World War II from 1939-1945

It affected trade by lowering of world GDP to 5%.

Second and third wave of globalization

Where new global economy with revival of global trade at the end of World War II under United States of America with technologies of Second Industrial Revolution like car and plane, fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, fall of wall dividing East and West Germany, collapse of Soviet Union, creation of World Trade Organization and the internet or new technology from Third Industrial Revolution connected people around the world

Globalization 4.0

US and China have become two global powers dominating the cyber world as the new frontier of globalization.

Ethan Hawkley’s (2014)

He made a dissertation entitled “The Birth of Globalization: The World and the Beginnings of Philippine Sovereignty, 1565 1610” and has direct connection to the Philippines as the birthplace of globalization.

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

Miguel Banal (Tagalog datu or chieftain)

Chinese merchant Eng Kang (christened as Juan Baptista de Vera)

They helped form a new power and sovereignty with the final name ‘The Philippines’ which was an unclear extension of Malay archipelago occupied by various ethnic groups in independent villages.

1610

Around ______, these villages unified and became a multiethnic network of combined sovereignty of the Philippines.

Spanish King, Philip II

The name of Philippines is derived from?

European imperial system;

Southeast Asian Muslim system;

Chinese tribute system

The three external systems which made the Philippines a hybrid interdependent community.

Manila-Acapulco galleon trade

Philippines played an active role in global trade as early as precolonial times with the existence of _________.