21st Century Philippine Literature Reviewer

Vocabulary flashcards covering Philippine literary periods, notable National Artists and authors, traditional and emerging literary genres, speculative fiction types, drama composites, and literary devices.

Bugtong

A riddle or intentionally phrased question from the Pre-Colonial Period.

Salawikain/Kawikaan

A proverb containing wisdom or advice.

Tanaga

A traditional Filipino poem featuring 4 lines and 7 syllables per line with rhyming schemes such as AAAA, AABB, ABBA, or ABAB, and traditionally having no title.

Pasyon

A long narrative poem about the Passion and death of Christ from the Spanish Colonial Period.

Senakulo

A dramatization of the Passion of Christ.

Awit

A colorful tale of chivalry intended for singing or chanting, such as Ibong Adarna.

Korido

A metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains, such as Florante at Laura.

A Child of Sorrow

A 1921 English novel by Zoilo M. Galang, noted as the first Philippine novel in English.

Jose Garcia Villa

National Artist for Literature (1973) known as 'DOVEGLION', famous for comma poems, reversed consonance, and 'Art for Art's Sake'.

Francisco Arcellana

National Artist for Literature (1990) and pioneer of the modern Filipino short story in English, known for lyrical writing and works like 'The Mats'.

Alejandro Roces

National Artist for Literature (2003) known for humorous essays and stories such as 'My Brother's Peculiar Chicken' and 'We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers'.

Bienvenido Lumbera

National Artist for Literature (2006) known for a writing style that is nationalistic and politically satirical, such as 'Epilogue of Roaches'.

Edith Tiempo

National Artist for Literature who was a poet, novelist, teacher, and literary critic, and founder of the Silliman University National Writers Workshop.

Nick Joaquin

National Artist for Literature (1976) who wrote under the name 'Quijano de Manila' and focused on Filipino history, culture, and identity.

Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez

National Artist for Literature (1997) known for stories depicting rural life and Filipino culture, including 'The Bamboo Dancers' and 'The Bread of Salt and Other Stories'.

F. Sionil Jose

National Artist for Literature (2001) known for social realism addressing themes of poverty, corruption, injustice, and colonialism.

Carlos P. Romulo

Journalist, diplomat, soldier, and educator who was the first Asian Pulitzer Prize awardee and the first Asian president of the United Nations General Assembly.

Eulogy

An example of poetry that uses a complimentary formal statement or set of oration.

Symbolism

Using something concrete to represent an additional meaning.

Canon

A collection of works.

Litotes

Figurative language that suggests or implies an affirmative meaning.

Textula

A literary form by Frank Rivera consisting of 1 to 2 stanzas.

Dalit

A 4-line, 8-syllable poem that was popular during the Spanish Period.

Diona

A 3-line, 7-syllable pre-Hispanic rhyming poem.

Speculative Fiction

'What if' fiction associated with Robert Heinlein.

Urban Fantasy

A subgenre of speculative fiction that takes place in a modern urban setting but includes magical or supernatural elements.

Cardinal Composites of Drama

Characters, Dialogue, Plot, and Theme.

Electronic Literature

Literature that uses digital technology and may include text, images, sound, video, hyperlinks, animation, and interactive features.

Digi-fiction

Fiction that combines multiple media, such as text, images, audio, and video.

Doodle Fiction

A literary format where the author incorporates doodle drawings and handwritten graphics instead of, or in addition to, traditional text fonts.

Text Novel

A narrative told through text messages or chat exchanges.

Webnovel

A serial fiction story published online.

Hypertext

A form of digital poetry that uses embedded links to move the reader from one website, page, or section to another.

Hashtag

A word or phrase preceded by the hash symbol # used on social media to categorize content and make it searchable.

Literary Devices

Techniques writers use to add depth, meaning, emotion, and impact beyond the literal meaning of words.

Literary Elements

The basic parts that make up a literary work, including plot, setting, characters, narrator, POV, conflict, dialogue, theme, tone, and mood.

Apostrophe

Directly addressing someone or something that is absent, dead, imaginary, or non-human.

Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of sentences, lines, or clauses.

Antihero

A main character who does not possess heroic qualities but remains the central character of the story.

Juxtaposition

Placing two contrasting people, ideas, images, or situations side by side to emphasize their differences.

Catharsis

The emotional release experienced by a character or reader after intense events.

Stream of Consciousness

A writing technique that shows a character's continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, memories, and impressions.

Hamartia

A tragic flaw or error in judgment that contributes to a character's downfall.