c180 intro to psychology

humanism/humanistic approach

assume people have values // lead person to understand psychological causes by deeply felt personal insights // feel good, unconditional positive regard

psychoanalysis

conscious and unconscious thoughts // frued // tauma

behavioral

changing behavior // meditating, deeply breathing, eating

cognitive

think realistically, rationally, and reinterpret events

cognitive-behavioral (CBT)

learn coping strategies and master new skills // goal-oriented // thinking state

positive reinforcement

adds something and increases behavior

negative reinforcement

removes something and increases behavior

positive punishment

adds something and decreases behavior

negative punishment

removes something and decreases behavior

state-dependent

same psychological state // internal feeling

context-dependent

same environment

id, ego, superego

id is instinct, ego is balancing the id’s impulses with real world constraints // balance real life, superego is morals // the norm // boundaries

fundamental attribution

interpret other people’s behaviors as arising from internal causes rather than external causes

groupthink

not in agreement // feel pressured to say yes

group polarization

opinions become more extreme after group discussion

social facilitation

performance increases simply by being in a group or surrounded by people

altruism

motivation to increase another person’s welfare

cognitive dissonance

when attitude and behavior or 2 related attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors are inconsistent

retrograde amnesia

can’t remember anything before accident

anterograde amnesia

can’t remember anything after accident

implicit memories

memories that are not consciously recalled but still influence behavior, such as skills or conditioned responses 

explicit memories

memories that are consciously recalled, such as facts, concepts, or events

episodic memories

memories of past events that involve a certain time, place, and circumstance

semantic memories

memories of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts

absolute threshold

the magnitude of the stimulus needed, on average, for an observer to detect it half the time it is present

top-down processing

knowledge, expectation, or belief

bottom-up

triggered by physical energy striking receptor cells

somatic nervous system

controls voluntary movements and processes sensory information from the body to the brain

parasympathetic nervous system

slows things down and gets your body back to a calm state

sympathetic nervous system

speeds things up like your heart rate, pupils dilate, increase breathing

central nervous system

largest conduit for neural messages moving to and from the brain, composed of the brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

allows the brain to affect the organs of the body and to receive information from them

pancreas

sugar/insulin regulation

pituitary

master gland // sends signals to others

parietal

touch

hippocampus

allowing new information to be sotred in the brain’s memory banks

thalamus

relays impulses, especially sensory impulses, to and from the cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

controlling eating and drinking and in regulating the body’s temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, homrones

corpus callosum

large bundle of axons that connects the 2 halves of the brain

cerebellum

physcial coordination, estimating time, and paying attention

dendrites

receive signals from axons of other neurons

axons

convey signals to other neurons, muscles, or bodily organs

cell membrane

protects the cell body

terminal buttons

release chemicals into the spaces between neurons when activated by their neuron

myelin sheath

a protective, fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many nerve cells, facilitating faster and more efficient transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system

cell body

the central part of the neuron and contains a nucleus that regulates the neuron’s functions

humanistic theorists

maslow and rogers

gestalt

focus on the macro-level of psychology, considering the behavior as a whole, rather than the micro-level view of the parts // max wertheimer

structuralists theorist 

wilhelm wundt

functionalists theorist

william james

behaviorists theorists

skinner and watson

psychodynamic theorist

freud

unconditioned stimulus

stimulus that elects an automatic response not dependent on prior learning (ex. food)

unconditioned response

it occurs naturally under the circumstances without any prior training (ex. the salvation towards the food)

neutral stimulus that becomes conditioned stimulus

ex. the ringing from the bell that brings the food (repeated association)

conditioned response

ex. salivating at the sound of the tone

stimulus generalization

associating similar things with each other (ex. like, a pond and an ocean)