Exam 3 Study Guide - Abdominal Cavity Part 2 for Biology

GI components

-mouth

-pharynx

-esophagus

-stomach

-small intestine

-colon

-rectum and anus

-gallbladder

-liver

-pancreas

Oral Cavity consists of

⚫ Teeth

⚫ Hard/soft palates

⚫ Tongue

⚫ Salivary glands (3)

Three salivary glands

parotid (innervated by CN VII), submandibular, sublingual

Pharynx - three parts

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Pharynx muscles

External and internal

External muscles of the pharynx

CONSTRICTORS

Internal muscles of the pharynx

LEVATORS

Innervation of the pharynx external and internal muscle layers

pharyngeal plexus

# of teeth in adults

32 - variation with number of wisdom teeth

Teeth in children

Deciduous or milk Teeth (20 in total)

Dental formula

2:1:2:3

2 incisors

1 canine

2 premolars

3 molars

EX: 4 incisors on the top, 8 in total

this equation accounts for 1/4 of the teeth (1/2 of of the upper for example)

Esophagus landmarks (length)

C6-T10 vertebrae

Normal anatomical constrictions of the esophagus (3)

1. Junctions of the pharynx and esophagus (cricopharyngeous muscle)

2. Where the aorta and the L bronchus cross over the esophagus

3. Passage of esophagus through the diaphragm

Normally the esophagus is

flat and opens up with food

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Lower esophageal sphincter LES (@ diaphragm) doesn't function properly (not staying closed when it should be) and allows stomach contents to flow upwards and into the esophagus

- feels horrible and worse when laying down - need to sleep upright

pyrosis

heartburn; burning sensation in upper abdomen due to reflux of gastric acid

Bronchoaortic constriction

Normal anatomical constriction

Diaphragmatic constriction

Constriction at the esophageal hiatus - Normal anatomical constrictions

Esophagus arterial supply

Inferior thyroid artery (upper portion)

L gastric artery

Esophagus venous drainage

azygous v

Esophagus innervation

esophageal plexus

Portions of the stomach

cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus

Curvatures of the stomach

greater and lesser

Mucosa of the stomach (4)

serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa

Cells of the stomach (4)

Parietal cells (HCL), G cells (Gastrin), Chief cells (pepsinogen), ECL (histamine)

function of the stomach

storage, churn food

how much digestion is done in the stomach

20% of the protein digestion

3 layers of the stomach muscular wall & functions

1. longitudinal - regulate in length (outer)

2. circular - regulate diameter (middle)

3. Oblique - runs diagonally and helps churn the food (inner)

Hiatal Hernia

Protrusion of a part of the stomach thru esophageal hiatus in diaphragm - causing the fundus portion and potentially the cardiac to slide through the opening

mostly fundal region that slides through

-the esophageal hiatus opens more so stomach goes through

sliding is the most common in what

Middle age females - Hiatal Hernia

increasing the abdominal pressure can increase the size of the opening and allow for the sliding of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus

child birth and pressure change can increase the size of the hiatus

Rugae

folds in the stomach

pyloric sphincter

Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine

cardial orifice

pyloric canal

pyloric antrum

Stomach arterial supply

- celiac artery/trunk (mostly Left gastric artery)

Stomach venous drainage

R/L gastric VV

Superior mesenteric V

splenic V

innervation of the stomach

celiac sympathetic plexus and the R/L Vagus N

Small Intestine

⚫ 3 portions that can be differentiated by location & anatomy

Duodenum

jejunum

ileum

features of the duodenum

10"-12" (inches)

mostly retroperitoneal

C-shaped organ

small: made up of 4 parts

- superior

- descending

- horizontal

- ascending

ligament of trietz

junction associated with duodenum and jejunum - connecting to the diaphragm

Features of the jejunum

8' long (feet)

WIDE

THICK WALLED

RED

more mesenteric vessel arcade (longer and less number)

features of the ileum

12' long- end at ileocecal junction

MORE FAT

MORE PYERS PATCHES

decrease mesenteric vessel arcade (more number but shorter)

arterial arcades

loops of arteries around the jejunum and ileum

how to distinguish the small intestine regions

1. Location

2. structure (jejunum is wider, thicker, redder)

3. mesenteric vessel arcade (increased in jejunum)

4. lymphoid tissues (jejunum has fewer peyers patches)

5. fat deposition (less in jejunum)

Villi and function

finger like projections that function to increase surface area for absorption and absorb fats

central lacteal

a wide lymph capillary that absorbs fats

mesentery

ileocecal valve

valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

cecum

a pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension of the cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

Small intestine arterial supply

Superior mesenteric artery

small intestine venous drainage

superior mesenteric vein

innervation of the small intestine

superior mesenteric plexus (sympathetic afferents) and the vagus n

Functions of the large intestine

transport

storage

water reabsorption ****

compaction

Parts of the large intestine

5' long (feet)

Cecum & apendix

1. ascending (r side)

2. transverse

3. descending (L side)

4. sigmoid - turns into the rectum at S3

haustra

sacs that are only in large intestine because longitudinal muscle is shorter than gut tube

teniae coli

3 longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle

additional layer of muscle

Large intestine arterial supply

superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

large intestine venous drainage

superior and inferior mesenteric veins

innervation of the large intestine

superior and inferior mesenteric plexus (sympathetic afferents) and the R/L vagus nerves

Omentum

Double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that

passes from stomach & duodenum to adjacent organs in abdominal cavity or to the abdominal wall

two types of omentum to note

1. greater omentum

2. lesser omentum

Greater Omentum - characteristics

giant fatty apron

1. 4 layers apron - double-layered omentum that is folded on itself

2. spans the stomach to the transverse colon

3. mostly fat

functions of the greater omentum

1. prevents parietal and visceral peritoneum from adhering to each other

2. forms a cushion

3. insulation (maintain body heat)

4. "police man" - protective function that will cause it to slightly move

3 ligaments of the greater omentum**

1. gastrophrenic

2. gastrosplenic

3. gastrocolic

characteristics of the lesser omentum

spans the curvature of the stomach to the liver

functions of the lesser omentum

anchor organs

2 ligaments of the lesser omentum

1. gastrohepatic

2. hepatoduodenal

what does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain

the portal triad: hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

location of liver

-location: most of epigastrium and hypochondrium

Characteristics of the liver (R & L Sides)

L and R sides are functionally independent

-divided by the falciform ligament

- contains its own blood supply from hepatic artery and portal vein

-contains its own venous and biliary drainage

porta hepatis

transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver

located between the quadrate and caudate lobes

quadrate lobe

medial segment of the right lobe of the liver

gall bladder right next to it

caudate lobe

smallest lobe of the liver situated on the posterosuperior surface of the right lobe the liver

round ligament

The liver receives blood from 2 sources

portal vein (70%)

- from GI vessels to liver sinusoids (nutrient rich & Oxygen poor)

hepatic artery (30%)

- branch from celiac artery (Oxygen rich)

at the Porta hepatis both divide into L/R portions

portal vein & hepatic artery

porta hepatis gives passage to 5 VAN

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic ducts,

hepatic nerves (plexus) and the lymph vessels

The Gallbladder location

in the hollow between the R and L lobe of the liver (by the quadrate lobe)

Where is bile produced

Bile is produced in the liver.

where is bile released after production

into the R and L hepatic ducts

After bile is released into R and L hepatic ducts, it can either

-flow into common bile duct

-be stored in gall bladder

Where is bile stored

highly concentrated in the gallbladder

can store about 50ml

how much bile do we make in a day

1 L

what are the two fates of bile after production

released into R and L hepatic ducts, and it can either be stored, or be released into the common bile duct

gall stones

Cholesterol rocks formed in the bile, blocks the bile ducts

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones - can be bacterial

arterial supply of the gallbladder

cystic artery (branch of hepatic artery)

Venous drainage of the gallbladder

cystic vein (lead to portal vein)

innovation of the gallbladder

celiac plexus

variations in the blood flow orientation of gallbladder

75% are typical with 24% making up other variant important for surgery!

cystic duct

Duct leading from the gallbladder to the common bile duct; carries bile

common hepatic duct

large bile duct leading from liver (right and left hepatic ducts); joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

Pancreas is located

retroperitoneal, behind the stomach, "cradled in the arms of the duodenum)

2 major functions of the pancreas

1. exocrine

2. endocrine

exocrine function of the pancreas

produce enzymes and HCO3-

travels through the pancreatic duct

endocrine function of the pancreas

pancreatic islets secrete insulin (B cells) and glucagon (A cells) via the bloodstream

pancreatic duct

conducts pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the small intestine

letter= H

ampulla of vater

small opening in the duodenum in which the pancreatic and common bile duct enter to release secretions

guarded by the sphincter of oddi