✅ 📸Chatper 26: Urinary System

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Which is not a major function of the kidney?

a) Regulation of blood ionic composition

b) Regulation of blood cell size

c) Regulation of blood volume

d) Regulation of blood pressure

e) Regulation of blood pH

b) Regulation of blood cell size

This is the formation of a new glucose molecule.

a) Glycolysis

b) Gluconeogenesis

c) Glucosamine

d) Glycogenolysis

e) Calcitriol

b) Gluconeogenesis

3) Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

a) Urea

b) Glucose

c) Insulin

d) Cholesterol

e) Protein

a) Urea

This is smooth, transparent dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter.

a) Adipose capsule

b) Fibrous capsule

c) Renal hilus

d) Renal cortex

e) Renal medulla

b) Fibrous capsule

The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

a) renal columns.

b) renal medulla.

c) renal pelvis.

d) calyces.

e) renal papilla.

a) renal columns.

Which is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?

a) Renal artery > segmental artery > cortical radiate artery > peritubular capillaries > afferent glomerular arterioles

b) Interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins

c) Arcuate veins > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > renal vein

d) Renal vein > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > efferent glomerular arterioles

e) Interlobar veins > afferent glomerular arterioles > efferent glomerular arterioles > glomerular capillaries

b) Interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins

Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?

a) Glomerular capsule > proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) > nephron loop > distal convoluted tubule (DCT) > collecting duct

b) Nephron loop > glomerular capsule > PCT > DCT > collecting duct

c) Ascending limb of loop > PCT > DCT > collecting duct

d) Collecting duct > DCT > PCT > collecting duct > glomerular capsule

e) PCT > glomerular capsule > DCT > collecting duct > nephron loop

a) Glomerular capsule > proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) > nephron loop > distal convoluted tubule (DCT) > collecting duct

Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?

a) Glomerular capsule

b) Nephron loop

c) Ascending limb

d) Collecting duct

e) Proximal convoluted tubule

e) Proximal convoluted tubule

This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

a) Renal corpuscle

b) Nephron loop

c) Ascending limb

d) Collecting duct

e) Renal tubule

a) Renal corpuscle

This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate.

a) Reabsorption

b) Filtration

c) Secretion

d) Excretion

e) Absorption

a) Reabsorption

In a nephron, this is the process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed filtrate.

a) Reabsorption

b) Filtration

c) Secretion

d) Excretion

e) Absorption

c) Secretion

Glomerular capillaries and podocytes together form the

a) glomerular endothelial cells.

b) filtration membrane.

c) pedicels.

d) filtration slits.

e) slit membrane.

b) filtration membrane.

This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in the afferent glomerular arterioles.

a) Glomerular filtration rate

b) Tubuloglomerular feedback

c) Myogenic mechanism

d) Renal autoregulation

e) Capsular hydrostatic pressure

c) Myogenic mechanism

This occurs when a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane, across the cytosol, and then into the interstitial fluid.

a) Paracellular reabsorption

b) Transcellular reabsorption

c) Apical reabsorption

d) Basolateral reabsorption

e) Active transport

b) Transcellular reabsorption

The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb what percentage of filtered water?

a) 25%

b) 50%

c) 65%

d) 80%

e) 99%

c) 65%

Which of the following is NOT a way angiotensin II affects the kidneys?

a) It increases GFR

b) It decreases urine volume

c) It enhances reabsorption of certain ions

d) It stimulates the release of aldosterone

e) None of these choices

a) It increases GFR

Urea recycling can cause a buildup of urea in the

a) fibrous capsule.

b) nephron loop.

c) ascending tubule.

d) renal medulla.

e) renal pelvis.

d) renal medulla.

Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ________ of blood ________.

a) increase, pressure

b) decrease, volume

c) increase, Na+ levels

d) increase, pH

e) increase, urea

d) increase, pH

An analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine is called

a) urinalysis.

b) filtration study.

c) concentration study.

d) diuretic.

e) osmolarity.

a) urinalysis.

Water accounts for what percentage of the total volume of urine?

a) 25%

b) 50%

c) 75%

d) 80%

e) 95%

e) 95%

This is a test to measure kidney function.

a) Plasma creatinine

b) Renal study

c) Kidney assay

d) Dialysis

e) Hilus study

a) Plasma creatinine

This transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

a) Urethra

b) Ureter

c) Descending nephron loop

d) Renal hilus

e) None of these choices.

b) Ureter

This layer in the wall of the ureter is composed of areolar connective tissue, with collagen and elastic fibers.

a) Mucosa

b) Transitional epithelium

c) Lamina propria

d) Adventitia

e) Lamina elastica

c) Lamina propria

This lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the urinary bladder.

a) Urethral sphincter

b) Adventitia bundle

c) Ureter

d) Internal urethral orifice

e) Muscular layer

d) Internal urethral orifice

This is composed of dense irregular tissue that runs continuous with the ureter.

a) A

b) B

c) C

c) C

—

A = Renal fascia

B = Adipose capsule

C = Renal capsule

This layer's main function is to protect the kidney from trauma and hold it in place within the abdominal cavity.

a) A

b) B

c) C

b) B

—

A = Renal fascia

B = Adipose capsule

C = Renal capsule

This layer runs deep to the peritoneum on the anterior surface of the kidneys.

a) A

b) B

c) C

a) A

—

A = Renal fascia

B = Adipose capsule

C = Renal capsule

This can be divided into the cortical zone and the juxtamedullary zone.

a) A

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) G

a) A

—

A = Renal cortex

B = Renal medulla

C = Renal column

D = Renal pyramid (in Renal medulla)

E = Renal sinus

F = Renal papilla

G = Renal capsule

H = Nephron

I = Collecting Duct (Urine Drainage Path 1)

J = Papillary duct

K = Minor calyx

L = Major calyx

M = Renal pelvis

Each kidney can have anywhere from 8 to 18 of these.

a) I

b) J

c) K

d) L

e) H

c) K

This structure is the apex of a renal pyramid.

a) F

b) D

c) G

d) K

e) L

a) F

—

A = Renal cortex

B = Renal medulla

C = Renal column

D = Renal pyramid (in Renal medulla)

E = Renal sinus

F = Renal papilla

G = Renal capsule

H = Nephron

I = Collecting Duct (Urine Drainage Path 1)

J = Papillary duct

K = Minor calyx

L = Major calyx

M = Renal pelvis

Urine formed by the nephrons first drains into these.

a) H

b) I

c) J

d) K

e) L

c) J

—

A = Renal cortex

B = Renal medulla

C = Renal column

D = Renal pyramid (in Renal medulla)

E = Renal sinus

F = Renal papilla

G = Renal capsule

H = Nephron

I = Collecting Duct (Urine Drainage Path 1)

J = Papillary duct

K = Minor calyx

L = Major calyx

M = Renal pelvis

What two structures comprise the renal corpuscle?

a) A and B

b) C and D

c) E and F

d) K and L

e) N and O

a) A and B

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

Where is the distal convoluted tubule?

a) D

b) E

c) J

d) K

e) L

a) A and B

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

35) Where is the arcuate vein?

a) E

b) F

c) G

d) H

e) I

d) H

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

Where is the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

a) C

b) D

c) J

d) K

e) L

e) L

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

Where is the corticomedullary junction?

a) G

b) J

c) M

d) N

e) O

b) J

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

Where is the papillary duct?

a) C

b) F

c) H

d) N

e) O

d) N

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

What does line "M" point to?

a) Arcuate artery

b) Arcuate vein

c) Collecting duct

d) Descending loop

e) Efferent glomerular arteriole

c) Collecting duct

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

What is line "C" pointing to?

a) Distal convoluted tubule

b) Cortical radiate artery

c) Efferent glomerular arteriole

d) Arcuate artery

e) Corticomedullary junction

c) Efferent glomerular arteriole

—

A = Glomerular capsule (Renal corpuscle)

B = Glomerulus (Renal corpuscle)

C = efferent arteriole

D = Distal convoluted tubule

E = afferent arteriole

F = cortical radiate artery

G = cortical radiate vein

H = arcuate vein

I = arcuate artery

J = corticomedullary junction

K = Descending limb (Nephron loop)

L = Ascending limb (Nephron loop)

M = Collecting duct

N = papillary duct

O = renal papilla

What is line "A" pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basal lamina

e) Lumen of the glomerulus

a) Fenestration

—

A = Fenestration (of glomerular endothelial cell)

B = Pedicel

C = Filtration slit

D = Basal lamina (of glomerulus)

What is line "B" pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basement membrane

e) Lumen of the glomerulus

b) Pedicel

—

A = Fenestration (of glomerular endothelial cell)

B = Pedicel

C = Filtration slit

D = Basal lamina (of glomerulus)

What is line "C" pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basal lamina

e) Lumen of the glomerulus

c) Filtration slit

—

A = Fenestration (of glomerular endothelial cell)

B = Pedicel

C = Filtration slit

D = Basal lamina (of glomerulus)

What is line "D" pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basement membrane

e) Lumen of the glomerulus

d) Basement membrane

—

A = Fenestration (of glomerular endothelial cell)

B = Pedicel

C = Filtration slit

D = Basal lamina (of glomerulus)

Fluid flowing from point N in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) G

b) H

c) C

d) B

e) K

a) G

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Fluid flowing from point G in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) N

b) H

c) I

d) M

e) K

c) I

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Fluid flowing from point H in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) L

b) B

c) I

d) G

e) N

b) B

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Fluid flowing from point B in the figure will go to which of the following structures?

a) J

b) M

c) I

d) G

e) H

a) J

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Which vessel in the diagram is the afferent glomerular arteriole?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) L

a) C

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Which vessel in the diagram is the cortical radiate vein?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) L

c) E

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Which structure in the diagram is the fibrous capsule?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) M

e) A

e) A

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

Which vessel in the diagram is the cortical radiate artery?

a) D

b) E

c) F

d) L

e) C

a) D

—

A = Renal capsule

B = Distal convoluted tubule

C = Afferent arteriole

D = Cortical radiate artery

E = Cortical radiate vein

F = Arcuate artery

G = Descending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

H = Thick ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (1) = Thin ascending limb (Part of Nephron loop)

I (2) = Renal papilla

J = Minor calyx

K = Minor calyx

L = Vasa recta

M = Peritubular capillary

N = Proximal convoluted tubule

If an individual goes on a crash diet and loses weight very rapidly, he or she will risk the development of

a) kidney failure.

b) kidney stones.

c) nephroptosis.

d) a urinary tract infection.

e) bladder stones.

c) nephroptosis.

59) Blood plasma and dissolved substances with molecules that are smaller than most proteins are filtered directly into the

a) renal tubule.

b) collecting duct.

c) proximal convoluted tubule.

d) distal convoluted tubule.

e) glomerular capsule.

e) glomerular capsule.

An increase in permeability of the filtration membrane due to disease, injury, or irritation of kidney cells by substances such as bacterial toxins, ether, or heavy metals manifests as which condition?

a) Albuminuria

b) Lucosuria

c) Urobilinogenuria

d) Ketonuria

e) Bilirubinuria

a) Albuminuria

Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates manifests as which condition?

a) Albuminuria

b) Glucosuria

c) Urobilinogenuria

d) Ketonuria

e) Bilirubinuria

d) Ketonuria

Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, manifests as which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

a) Albuminuria

b) Glucosuria

c) Urobilinogenuria

d) Hematuria

e) Bilirubinuria

b) Glucosuria

Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin, caused by pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, jaundice or cirrhosis, manifests as which condition?

a) Albuminuria

b) Glucosuria

c) Urobilinogenuria

d) Hematuria

e) Bilirubinuria

c) Urobilinogenuria

This substance gives bile its major pigmentation

a) ketone bodies.

b) erythrocytes.

c) casts.

d) bilirubin.

e) glucose.

d) bilirubin.

These are tiny masses of material, hardened in the lumen of the urinary tubule and are flushed out when filtrate builds up behind them

a) ketone bodies.

b) erythrocytes.

c) casts.

d) microbes.

e) urobilinogen.

c) casts.

Candida albicans and E. coli are which type of abnormal constituent of urine?

a) Ketone bodies

b) Erythrocytes

c) Casts

d) Microbes

e) Urobilinogen

d) Microbes

67) What is the normal pH range of urine in humans?

a) 8.1 - 10.6

b) 4.6 - 8.0

c) 1.0 - 3.0

d) 3.1 - 4.0

e) 10.0 - 12.0

b) 4.6 - 8.0

What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?

a) 1-2 L / hr.

b) 1-2 L / day

c) 2-3 L / hr.

d) 3-4 L / week

e) 10 L / 24 hours

b) 1-2 L / day

What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?

a) 2.350 - 3.700

b) 0.002 - 1.000

c) 4.6 - 8.0

d) 1.001 - 1.035

e) 1.04 - 2.60

b) 0.002 - 1.000

The parasympathetic division of the ANS regulates the flow of blood through the kidney.

True or false

False

This hormone is released when the blood volume increases?

a) Parathyroid Hormone

b) Renin

c) ADH

d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

e) Aldosterone

d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

a) Aldosterone

b) Renin

c) ANH

d) Angiotensin-II

e) ADH

e) ADH

Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme

a) will lead to decreased blood pressure.

b) will lead to increased blood pressure.

c) will not have any effect on blood pressure.

d) All of these choices are correct.

e) None of these choices is correct.

a) will lead to decreased blood pressure.

In males, both the urinary system and the ________ use the urethra.

a) integument

b) genital system

c) respiratory system

d) digestive system

e) cardiovascular system

b) genital system

The kidneys release ________ to raise blood pressure.

a) renin

b) angiotensin II

c) ADH

d) ANP

e) epinephrine

a) renin

The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to ________, a yellow pigment.

a) urobilinogen

b) bile

c) stercobilin

d) urobilin

e) albumin

d) urobilin

Shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?

a) Renal calculi

b) Urinary tract infections

c) Glomerulonephritis

d) Polycystic kidney disease

e) Urinary bladder cancer

a) Renal calculi

Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?

a) Renal calculi

b) Urinary tract infections

c) Glomerulonephritis

d) Polycystic kidney disease

e) Urinary bladder cancer

a) Renal calculi

Inflammation of the kidneys that involves glomeruli is called

a) cystitis.

b) nephrotic syndrome.

c) glomerulonephritis.

d) urethritis.

e) glomerulitis.

c) glomerulonephritis

Some kidney diseases cause a change in the permeability of glomerular capillaries making them more permeable to plasma proteins. This changes the blood colloid osmotic pressure, thus drawing water out of the blood and into tissues. The result is

a) dehydration.

b) edema.

c) overhydration.

d) high blood pressure

.e) there is no actual change.

b) edema.

Another name for the glomerular capsule is ________ capsule.

a) cowper's

b) skene's

c) bartholin's

d) bowman's

e) brenner's

d) bowman's

What type of cells are found in the proximal convoluted tubule?

a) Simple squamous

b) Simple columnar

c) Simple cuboidal

d) Stratified squamous

e) Stratified cuboidal

c) Simple cuboidal

The primary site for metabolic recycling is the

a) liver.

b) kidney.

c) heart.

d) intestine.

e) spleen.

a) liver.

Embryologically, the kidneys differentiate starting which week of development?

a) First

b) Second

c) Third

d) Fourth

e) Fifth

c) Third

As we age, several changes take place in the urinary system. These changes include ________. Select all that apply.

a) shrinking of the kidneys.

b) decreased blood flow.

c) lower filtration rate.

d) greater urinary output.

e) increase in the number of glomeruli.

A,B,C

In the proximal convoluted tubules, reabsorption of a nutrient such as glucose through the apical membranes occurs by ________.

a) Glucose transporter

b) Primary active transport

c) Na+/H+ antiporter

d) Na+ /glucose symporter

e) Osmosis

d) Na+ /glucose symporter

In which of the following the apical membranes are impermeable to water?

a) Distal convoluted tubule

b) Ascending limb of the nephron loop

c) Descending limb of the nephron loop

d) Proximal convoluted tubule

e) Collecting duct

b) Ascending limb of the nephron loop

The micturition reflex is triggered by which of the following?

a) Hypothalamus

b) Cerebral cortex

c) Lumbar spinal cord

d) Sacral spinal cord

e) Kidneys

d) Sacral spinal cord

Parathyroid hormone increases reabsorption of calcium ion in which of the following?

a) Late distal convoluted tubule

b) The nephron loop

c) Early distal convoluted tubule

d) Proximal convoluted tubule

e) Collecting duct

c) Early distal convoluted tubule

The osmolarity of glomerular filtrate is about ________ mOsm/liter.

a) 100

b) 150

c) 200

d) 250

e) 300

e) 300