Macromolecules

What are the four Macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

The Monomer of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (Galactose, Glucose or Fructose)

The Monomer of Proteins

Amino Acids

The Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

The Monomer of Lipids

Glycerol and Fatty Acid Chains (2-3)

The Function of Carbohydrates

Short-term or immediate Energy Source

The Function of Lipids

Long-term Energy Source, Insulation and Protections

The Function of Nucleic Acids

Store and Transmit your Genetic Information

The Function of Proteins

1. Controls the Rates of Reactions

2. Fights Diseases

3. Forms Cell Structures

4. Regulates Cell Processes

5. Transports stuff In/Out of the Cell

Examples of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose

disaccharides examples

sucrose (glucose + fructose)

maltose (glucose + glucose)

lactose (galactose + glucose)

examples of polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Examples of Lipids

Fats, Oils, Waxes, Lipid Steroids (cholesterol), triglycerides, phospholipids

Examples of Proteins

Enzymes, Hormones, Antibodies, Hemoglobin, Collagen, keratin

Examples of Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

organic

a molecule that contains carbon hydrogen bonds

Four groups of organic molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

1.A. What are the major elements of life?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen.

1.B. What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to different large and complex structures?

Carbon can bond to itself, has 4 valence electrons, causing strong covalent bonds to occur between carbon and another element.

2.A. Name four groups of organic compounds found in living things.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

2.B. Describe at least one function of each group of organic compound.

Carbohydrates: main source of energy for plants and animals; proteins: regulation of cellular transportation of materials, cellular processes, formation of structures, and anti-bodies; lipids: storage of energy; storage or transmission of genetic information.

3.A. What atoms constitute the compound above?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

3.B. What class of macromolecule does the compound belong to?

Carbohydrates

dehydration synthesis

monomers bonding together to form polymers and a water molecule

hydrolysis

Divides a polymer into monomers through the addition of water (ex. occurs in digestion)

Where do macromolecules get energy?

macromolecules get energy from bonds

polymer

result of many monomers linking together (protein or peptide and amino acids or polypeptide)

What makes up proteins?

polymers made of amino acids (50-500 chains long)

amino acid is also known as a...?

peptide or protein

What are nucleic acids made up of?

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus

monomer

single molecule; small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

2 monosaccharides

disaccharide

Key ideas

-All macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis

-all covalent bonds

-water breaks bonds and gives off energy through hydrolysis

hydrolysis

Requires water and releases energy

Taking molecules apart

What does "acid" indicate?

hydrogen ion is present

Elements present in carbohydrates

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Elements present in proteins

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Elements present in lipids

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Elements present in nucleic acids

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Other name for Carbohydrate

saccharides

monosaccharide diagram of glucose

disaccharide diagram of sucrose

polysaccharide diagram of amylose

amino acid structure

Diagram of saturated fatty acid

diagram of unsaturated fatty acid (lipid)

diagram of nucleotide

Dipeptides

two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

polymer and amino acid relationship

Polymer is a protein aka peptide

Lots of amino acids linked together

Triglycerides

carbohydrate structure

Saturated

Fatty acid consists of single bonds

Unsaturated

Fatty acid contains C-C double bonds

Which macromolecule speeds up chemical reactions?

Protein (enzyme)

keratin

a protective protein that is a key building block for your hair, skin, and nails

Parts of a nucleotide

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

acid

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution - less than 7 on pH scale

Base

a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution - greater than 7 on pH scale

Keratin denaturation

The process of the protein structure of keratin breaking down, often due to heat or chemicals, causing it to lose its original shape and properties