AP Human Geography Part 3 - C

Dietary energy consumption

The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (Calories in the United States).

Diffusion

The process by which a feature spreads from one place to another over time.

Dispersed rural settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Distance decay

The diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

Dot distribution map

A map that depicts data that consists of discrete observations. Each dot represents a predetermined number of observations, which could be one or many.

Double cropping

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Dying language

A language used by older people, but is not being transmitted to children.

Ecology

The scientific study of ecosystems.

Economic base

A community's collection of basic businesses.

Ecosystem

A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Edge city

A node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Elongated state

A state with a long, narrow shape.

Emigration

Migration from a location.

Enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Endangered language

A language that children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently.

Environmental determinism

A nineteenth and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences.

Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Epidemiologic transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.

Ethnic cleansing

A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.

Ethnic enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area.

Ethnic religion

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Ethnoburb

A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population.

Ethnophobia

Fear of people of a particular ethnicity.

Expansion diffusion

The process by which a feature spreads from one place to another over time.

Spread of a feature or trend

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.

Extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Fair trade

A variation of international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers, focusing primarily on products exported from developing countries to developed countries.

Fake news

A false report disseminated under the guise of an authentic news report, created to maliciously spread misinformation and mislead consumers of the content.

Family-based migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives previously migrated there.

Federal state

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

Female labor force participation rate

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home.

Fishing

The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the WaLLIS.

Fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.

Floodplain

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends.

Folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Food desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store.

Food security

Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Forced migration

Permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors.

Fordist production

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Formal region (or uniform region)

An area in which most people share in one or more distinctive characteristics.

Fossil fuel

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Fragmented state

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

Franchise

An agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporation's products in a local area.

Franglais

A combination of français and anglais (the French words for French and English, respectively).

Frontier

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.

Functional region (or nodal region)

An area organized around a node or focal point.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or congregation).

Fusion

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Galactic (or peripheral) model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the gender gap in the level of achievement in terms of income, education, and life expectancy.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor.