Studied by 18 people
what inventions were added to agriculture?
mechanical reapers, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and refrigeration
what energy sources became more popular as more countries had their industrial revolution?
oil, natural gas and nuclear energy joined coal
what helped europe from technological and economic stagnation?
the small and competitive states
europe’s economics and merchants
☆ european states were having trouble collecting taxes efficiently and royalty had a reliance on their merchants
☆ capitalist merchants could be granted special privileges, monopolies or collect taxes themselves
☆ governments encouraged commerce and innovation (offered prizes for inventions)
☆ merchants and innovators had relative freedom from state control
what helped grow the european populations?
new resources from colonies such as maize, wood and fish
europe growing from experiences with other countries
commerce and cross-cultural exchange → technological advances
britain’s agricultural standing at the time of the industrial revolution
crop rotation, selective breeding for animals, light plows and high-yielding seeds → increased output, low food prices and lots of labor opportunities
britain’s religious toleration policy
established in 1688, France still persecuted protestants and led to those workers fleeing to different countries
unions were _______ in britain
forbidden by the law
checks on royal authority
trial by jury, the growing power of the parliament →private enterprises had more freedom
britain’s scientific revolution
focused on observation, experiment, precise measurements, and practical commercial applications
improvement of the steam engine
backed by the discoveries of atmospheric pressure and vacuums
british royal society
established in 1660, promoted knowledge through pamphlets
britain’s textile industry
52 million lbs in 1800, and then 588 million lbs in 1850
agriculture after the revolution
employed less than 8% of Britons in 1914
effects of the revolution
the revolution drastically changed social life with new opportunities, a higher standard of living, and conflict
the aristocracy of britain
☆ still owned the majority of the land, which was rented to tenant farmers
☆ tariffs on foreign agricultural imports were revoked in the 1840s, the aristocrat's political power declined
the middle class benefited the ____ from the revolution
most
the middle class
☆ they were mainly liberals and their ideals were of a constitutional government, private property
☆ social reform led to the Reform Bill of 1832 which made it possible for middle-class men to vote
middle-class culture
☆hard work, strong morality, and cleanliness
☆ they believed the poorer classes had brought it upon themselves
middle class women
☆ jobs were increasingly domestic
☆ although in the late 1800s, women took up professions such as nurses and teachers
☆ between 1881-1901 the number of female secretaries rose from 7,000 to 90,000
the working class was ___ of britain’s population
70%
life in cities
unsanitary and overcrowded
friendly societies
☆ in 1815, 1 million people had joined
☆ support for sickness, funeral funds, and social opportunities
1824
trade unions legalized, at first they were violent but they then became more respectable
socialism and workers
as society grew more capitalist, socialist ideas spread through the working class
socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates production, distribution, and exchange should be owned/regulated by the community as a whole
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
Robert Owen
wanted better living conditions for workers and their families
Karl Marx
☆ born in German but raised in England, where he saw the revolution firsthand
☆ he believed that industrial capitalism was unstable and society would eventually collapse into a classless socialist society
☆ he used the French Revolution as an example of how protests could lead to new societies
☆ believed he was a scientist, creating the laws of social development like Newton's laws
☆ had not thought of the middle class in his ideas or that workers could have better conditions in a capitalist society
the Labour Party
established in the 1890s, supported peaceful transitions to socialism and believed in classical Marxism
nationalism challenging the working-class radicalism
national loyalty > class loyalty in the First World War
industrial revolution in france
more slow and had less impact on society
industrialization in germany
focused on the heavy industry of iron, steel and coal instead of textiles, concentrated in large companies that were called cartels
Alexis de Tocqueville
predicted that the US would become a global power after their revolution and Russia would become communist
US in 1914
size of the country, the natural resources, the domestic market and somewhat political stability = world’s leading industrial power; produced 36% of the world’s manufactured goods
the rising of british empires
☆ tax breaks, grants of public land to railroad companies, laws to aid the formation of corporations and the lack of regulation helped
☆ ex: the US steel corp. had a budget 3x more than the gov in 1901
middle-class “culture of consumption”
started with Henry Ford making cars (model T) at an affordable price
social equality and poverty in the US
relative social equality turned into a wealth gap that kept widening by the 1800s
labor protests
☆ just like europe, conditions in large cities were poor and working class (mostly immigrants in america) had harsh conditions → led to labor protests
☆ when a railroad company announced the cutting of wages in 1877, people rioted violently and troops had to stop them
union organizations in the US were mostly ___
conservative
why were the unions mostly conservative in the US?
American populations were more diverse than European countries which made class-oriented political parities and socialists movements difficult and American workers had a higher standard of living than European workers
progressives
wanted better sanitation standards, wage legislation and government intervention
Russia’s political parties
the Tsar was the only political party that still had an absolute monarchy and had control over individuals
Russian serfdom
up until 1861, most Russians were serfs that were exploited by their landowners
changes in Russian society
☆ change occured when the state itself didn’t want to be surpassed by other states in europe
☆ administrative changes, strengthening of the military and new education system (only for sons of the nobility)
☆ Russian nobles were encouraged to dress and look like Europeans
Catherine the Great wanted to _______ Russia, using the ___
europeanize, enlightenment
Crimean War (1854-1856)
Britain v. France made Russian free serfs, seeing it as ‘incompatible with modern civilization’
1900 Russia
ranked fourth in steel production and major industries, enterprises in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev
working conditions in Russia
factory workers had a growing resentment to the tsar and their employers, as there was 13 hour work days and unsanitary conditions
1898
Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party was formed that was present in education and union organizing
soviets
☆ a representative councils of workers
☆ that were created after the 1905 defeat to the Japanese
☆ the reform was crushed but it did start some change
change in russia
☆ legalized trade unions and political parties
☆ elections of a National Assembly (called Duma)
1906/1907
the Duma refused to cooperate with Tsar Nicholas II’s new system
1914
Russia was 5th in output ranking but 1.25 million workers went on strike
Russian Revolution of 1917
power to radical socialist groups (the Bolsheviks, at the time led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin)
the vice-royalties of Spanish America
the four administrative units of Spanish America (vice-royalties) broke off into 18 separate countries
☆ peru and Bolivia reunited but then broke up (1836-1839)
☆ Mexico lost territory to the US (1846-1848)
☆ Argentina, Brazil + Uruguay went to war with Paraguay, who had a much smaller population (1864-1870)
caudillos
military men who protected order and property
Latin American constitutions
constitutions came in and out (ex: Bolivia had 10 different ones in the 1800s)
Caste War of Yucatan (1847-1901)
Maya people vs. Europeans/mestizos
impact of the steam ship
lead to increased connection
more latin American exports (food, raw materials) to industrialized countries
☆ Mexico was the source of 50%+ of the world’s silver supply until 1860
☆ copper and nitrates from Chile, tin from Bolivia
☆ rubber from rainforests was in demand for tires
☆ in return, textiles, machinery, tools, weapons and luxury goods were imported
influence of Europe on Latin America
☆ Urban cities grew and the elites drank tea while discussing European lit usually in languages like French
☆ Argentina had a wave of 2.5 m immigrants between 1870 and 1915 after promising a new life in the New World
1906
a dictator named Porfirio Diaz hired the Arizona Rangers to suppress a strike that resulted in a dozen deaths
Mexico’s revolution
☆ only in Mexico did the inequalities lead to a revolution
☆ a decade long battle fought by peasants (1910-1920) over the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz resulted in the death of ~10% of the population
☆ they attacked large land plots (haciendas) to redistribute it
☆ ended in a new constitution in 1917 that had universal voting rights, redistribution of land, minimum wage, 8 hour work days and forbade the Catholic Church from being involved in public education
the dependent development of Latin America
☆ with most of the population being poor, there was no market for goods
☆ growth was dependent on foreign demand
☆ Brazil’s rubber industry collapsed (1910-1911) when Britain turned to Malaysia for cheaper options
the ‘Internationale’
the workers hymn about the possibilities of socialism and how it threatened the current capitalist society of Europe
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Flashcard (60)