ap world history strayer ch 18

what inventions were added to agriculture?

mechanical reapers, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and refrigeration

what energy sources became more popular as more countries had their industrial revolution?

oil, natural gas and nuclear energy joined coal

what helped europe from technological and economic stagnation?

the small and competitive states

europe’s economics and merchants

☆ european states were having trouble collecting taxes efficiently and royalty had a reliance on their merchants

☆ capitalist merchants could be granted special privileges, monopolies or collect taxes themselves

☆ governments encouraged commerce and innovation (offered prizes for inventions)

☆ merchants and innovators had relative freedom from state control

what helped grow the european populations?

new resources from colonies such as maize, wood and fish

europe growing from experiences with other countries

commerce and cross-cultural exchange → technological advances

britain’s agricultural standing at the time of the industrial revolution

crop rotation, selective breeding for animals, light plows and high-yielding seeds → increased output, low food prices and lots of labor opportunities

britain’s religious toleration policy

established in 1688, France still persecuted protestants and led to those workers fleeing to different countries

unions were _ in britain

forbidden by the law

checks on royal authority

trial by jury, the growing power of the parliament →private enterprises had more freedom

britain’s scientific revolution

focused on observation, experiment, precise measurements, and practical commercial applications

improvement of the steam engine

backed by the discoveries of atmospheric pressure and vacuums

british royal society

established in 1660, promoted knowledge through pamphlets

britain’s textile industry

52 million lbs in 1800, and then 588 million lbs in 1850

agriculture after the revolution

employed less than 8% of Britons in 1914

effects of the revolution

the revolution drastically changed social life with new opportunities, a higher standard of living, and conflict

the aristocracy of britain

☆ still owned the majority of the land, which was rented to tenant farmers

☆ tariffs on foreign agricultural imports were revoked in the 1840s, the aristocrat's political power declined

the middle class benefited the ____ from the revolution

most

the middle class

☆ they were mainly liberals and their ideals were of a constitutional government, private property

☆ social reform led to the Reform Bill of 1832 which made it possible for middle-class men to vote

middle-class culture

☆hard work, strong morality, and cleanliness

☆ they believed the poorer classes had brought it upon themselves

middle class women

☆ jobs were increasingly domestic

☆ although in the late 1800s, women took up professions such as nurses and teachers

☆ between 1881-1901 the number of female secretaries rose from 7,000 to 90,000

the working class was ___ of britain’s population

70%

life in cities

unsanitary and overcrowded

friendly societies

☆ in 1815, 1 million people had joined

☆ support for sickness, funeral funds, and social opportunities

1824

trade unions legalized, at first they were violent but they then became more respectable

socialism and workers

as society grew more capitalist, socialist ideas spread through the working class

socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates production, distribution, and exchange should be owned/regulated by the community as a whole

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

Robert Owen

wanted better living conditions for workers and their families

Karl Marx

☆ born in German but raised in England, where he saw the revolution firsthand

☆ he believed that industrial capitalism was unstable and society would eventually collapse into a classless socialist society

☆ he used the French Revolution as an example of how protests could lead to new societies

☆ believed he was a scientist, creating the laws of social development like Newton's laws

☆ had not thought of the middle class in his ideas or that workers could have better conditions in a capitalist society

the Labour Party

established in the 1890s, supported peaceful transitions to socialism and believed in classical Marxism

nationalism challenging the working-class radicalism

national loyalty > class loyalty in the First World War

industrial revolution in france

more slow and had less impact on society

industrialization in germany

focused on the heavy industry of iron, steel and coal instead of textiles, concentrated in large companies that were called cartels

Alexis de Tocqueville

predicted that the US would become a global power after their revolution and Russia would become communist

US in 1914

size of the country, the natural resources, the domestic market and somewhat political stability = world’s leading industrial power; produced 36% of the world’s manufactured goods

the rising of british empires

☆ tax breaks, grants of public land to railroad companies, laws to aid the formation of corporations and the lack of regulation helped

☆ ex: the US steel corp. had a budget 3x more than the gov in 1901

middle-class “culture of consumption”

started with Henry Ford making cars (model T) at an affordable price

social equality and poverty in the US

relative social equality turned into a wealth gap that kept widening by the 1800s

labor protests

☆ just like europe, conditions in large cities were poor and working class (mostly immigrants in america) had harsh conditions → led to labor protests

☆ when a railroad company announced the cutting of wages in 1877, people rioted violently and troops had to stop them

union organizations in the US were mostly ___

conservative

why were the unions mostly conservative in the US?

American populations were more diverse than European countries which made class-oriented political parities and socialists movements difficult and American workers had a higher standard of living than European workers

progressives

wanted better sanitation standards, wage legislation and government intervention

Russia’s political parties

the Tsar was the only political party that still had an absolute monarchy and had control over individuals

Russian serfdom

up until 1861, most Russians were serfs that were exploited by their landowners

changes in Russian society

☆ change occured when the state itself didn’t want to be surpassed by other states in europe

☆ administrative changes, strengthening of the military and new education system (only for sons of the nobility)

☆ Russian nobles were encouraged to dress and look like Europeans

Catherine the Great wanted to _ Russia, using the ___

europeanize, enlightenment

Crimean War (1854-1856)

Britain v. France made Russian free serfs, seeing it as ‘incompatible with modern civilization’

1900 Russia

ranked fourth in steel production and major industries, enterprises in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev

working conditions in Russia

factory workers had a growing resentment to the tsar and their employers, as there was 13 hour work days and unsanitary conditions

1898

Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party was formed that was present in education and union organizing

soviets

☆ a representative councils of workers

☆ that were created after the 1905 defeat to the Japanese

☆ the reform was crushed but it did start some change

change in russia

☆ legalized trade unions and political parties

☆ elections of a National Assembly (called Duma)

1906/1907

the Duma refused to cooperate with Tsar Nicholas II’s new system

1914

Russia was 5th in output ranking but 1.25 million workers went on strike

Russian Revolution of 1917

power to radical socialist groups (the Bolsheviks, at the time led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin)

the vice-royalties of Spanish America

the four administrative units of Spanish America (vice-royalties) broke off into 18 separate countries

     ☆ peru and Bolivia reunited but then broke up (1836-1839)

     ☆ Mexico lost territory to the US (1846-1848)

     ☆ Argentina, Brazil + Uruguay went to war with Paraguay, who had a much smaller population (1864-1870)

caudillos

military men who protected order and property

Latin American constitutions

constitutions came in and out (ex: Bolivia had 10 different ones in the 1800s)

Caste War of Yucatan (1847-1901)

Maya people vs. Europeans/mestizos

impact of the steam ship

lead to increased connection

more latin American exports (food, raw materials) to industrialized countries

☆ Mexico was the source of 50%+ of the world’s silver supply until 1860

☆ copper and nitrates from Chile, tin from Bolivia

☆ rubber from rainforests was in demand for tires

☆ in return, textiles, machinery, tools, weapons and luxury goods were imported

influence of Europe on Latin America

☆ Urban cities grew and the elites drank tea while discussing European lit usually in languages like French

☆ Argentina had a wave of 2.5 m immigrants between 1870 and 1915 after promising a new life in the New World

1906

a dictator named Porfirio Diaz hired the Arizona Rangers to suppress a strike that resulted in a dozen deaths

Mexico’s revolution

☆ only in Mexico did the inequalities lead to a revolution

☆ a decade long battle fought by peasants (1910-1920) over the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz resulted in the death of ~10% of the population

☆ they attacked large land plots (haciendas) to redistribute it

☆ ended in a new constitution in 1917 that had universal voting rights, redistribution of land, minimum wage, 8 hour work days and forbade the Catholic Church from being involved in public education

the dependent development of Latin America

☆ with most of the population being poor, there was no market for goods

☆ growth was dependent on foreign demand

☆ Brazil’s rubber industry collapsed (1910-1911) when Britain turned to Malaysia for cheaper options

the ‘Internationale’

the workers hymn about the possibilities of socialism and how it threatened the current capitalist society of Europe