Research methods chapter 3-4

measured variable

observable and recorded (ex: height, weight, etc)

manipulated variable

can be manipulated by researcher (ex: calorie intake, coffee intake, medication dosage, hours of sleep)

operational definition

what is going to be measured? how is it going to be measured? what does the measurement mean?

frequency claim

involves ONLY 1 measured variable and describes specific level/degree of single variable

association claim

1 level causes changes in the level of another variable (supported by experiments)

causal claim

1 variable causes changes in the level of another variable

construct validity

how well a variable in a study is measured in study and how well a conceptual variable is operationalized

external validity

how well the results represent the people besides those being studied

statistical validity

how reasonable and accurate the claims are (p-value)

belmont report

-principle of respect

-principle of beneficence

-principle of justice

principle of respect

the intrinsic value of all people (informed consent)

principle of beneficence

assess potential harm to participants and potential benefits to society

principle of justice

who bears the burden of research participation (ex: ww2 concentration camps force inmates into medical experiments/gas chambers)

ethical standard 8

-institutional review boards

-informed consent

-deception

-debriefing

-research misconduct

-animal research

replacement

avoiding/replacing the use of animals in areas they would have been tested

refinement

MINIMIZING the NUMBER of animals used

reduction

MINIMIZING the PAIN, suffering, distress, or lasting harm from animal research

constructs

a variable of interest at an abstract level usually defined as part of a formal statement of a psychological theory

3 necessary criteria for casual claims

-covariance

-temporal precedence

-internal validity

internal validity

the degree to which we can confidentially infer that our study demonstrated one variable had a causal effect on another variable

omission

withholding details of the study from participants

commission

lying to participants