subjunctive and uses

how do you form the imperfect subjunctive?

infinitive + endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt)

eg. portarem = i was carrying

note how unlike with normal verbs, the 1st person singular ending is ‘m’ not ‘o’

how is the pluperfect subjunctive formed?

I perfect + sse + endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt)

eg. portavissem = i had carried

note how unlike with normal verbs, the 1st person singular ending is ‘m’ not ‘o’

how are cum clauses formed?

cum + subjunctive

eg. cum Modestus ad pontem advenisset = when Modestus had arrived at the bridge

how are indirect commands formed?

verb of commanding + subjunctive

how are indirect questions formed?

verb of questioning + question word + subjunctive

how are purpose clauses formed?

ut/ne + subjunctive (can only be imperfect)

how are result clauses formed?

signpost words + ut/ut non + resulting action in the subjunctive

unlike with other subjunctive clauses, result clauses use ‘ut non’ instead of ‘ne’ to express the negative.