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aesexual reproduction
a single organism reproducing without the aid of another.
Mitosis
division of the nucleus
somatic cells
body cells
Gametes
sex cells
Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
triploid
3 sets of chromosomes
Genome
all of an organism's genetic material
homologus chromosomes
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
Allels
Different forms of a gene
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
having two different alleles for a trait
meisosis
makes sex cells
Prophase 1
Crossing over occurs (homologus recombination)
Metaphase 1
chromosomes line up
Anaphase 1
Homologous chromosomes separate
telephase 1
wall in between forms
cytokinesis 1
2 cells form
prophase 2
centrosomes duplicate, spindle already formed
metaphase 2
Chromosomes line up at the equator.
anaphase 2
pull apart
telekinesis/cytokinesis 2
wall forms and seperates
germline
sex cells
how many haploid cells do men produce in Meiosis?
4
how many haploid cells do women produce in Meiosis?
1
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
Aneuploidy
Abnormal number of chromosomes.
Trisomies
3 copies of a chromosome
P generation
true-breeding parents
F1 generation
offspring of the P generation
F2 generation
Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
Law of Segregation
pairs of homologous chromosomes separate so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
law of independent assortment
states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
dominant allele
an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Mendalian traits
genes interact
Epistasis
A gene masking the expression of another
complete dominance
one allele is completely dominant over another
Codominance
both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
incomplete dominance
blended
polygenic inheritance
multiple genes affect a single trait
norm of reaction
range of phenotypes
multifactorial
many factors, both genetic and environmental, influence phenotype
Pedigree
"family tree"
complementary base pairs
A, T, C, G, U
A
Adenine
T
Thymine
C
Cytosine
G
Guanine
U
Uracil
semi-conservative replication
DNA is split to make 2 daughter strands
Helicase
unwinds and unzips DNA
What direction is DNA written?
5' to 3'
What direction is DNA read?
3-5
DNA primase
DNA primer
DNA polymerase
forms new copies of the DNA
leading and lagging strand
leading: 5' to 3'
lagging: 3' to 5'
Okazaki fragments
segments of the lagging strand
DNA ligase
fills in the gaps
Telomeres
DNA at the tips of chromosomes
Telomerase
rebuilds telomeres
protein synthesis
The creation of a protein from a DNA template.
Transcribe
DNA to RNA
Translate
RNA to Protein
mRNA
messenger RNA
tRNA
transfer RNA; carries amino acids to the ribosome)
rRNA
composes the ribosome
Codon
a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA
Anticodon
"complementary" 3 nucleotides on tRNA
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
Which codon is start?
AUG
Mutations
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
deletion mutation
removes a chromosomal segment
duplication mutation
repeats a chromosomal segment
inversion mutation
reverses a chromosomal segment
Translocation mutation
moves a chromosomal segment to another non-homologous chromosome.
point mutation
gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
base-pair substitution
type of mutation in which a single base pair changes
missense mutation
altered codon still codes for another amino acid
nonsense mutation
changes a normal codon into a stop codon
silent mutation
alters a base but does not change the amino acid
base pair intersection
adds or delete a nucleotide set
Frame shift
causes codons to change
bionary fission
the asexual method used by bacteria to reproduce
Note 
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