Bio Unit 3 Genetics

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84 Terms

1

aesexual reproduction

a single organism reproducing without the aid of another.

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2

Mitosis

division of the nucleus

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3

somatic cells

body cells

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4

Gametes

sex cells

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5

Haploid

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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6

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

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7

triploid

3 sets of chromosomes

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8

Genome

all of an organism's genetic material

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9

homologus chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

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10

Allels

Different forms of a gene

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11

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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12

Heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

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13

meisosis

makes sex cells

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14

Prophase 1

Crossing over occurs (homologus recombination)

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15

Metaphase 1

chromosomes line up

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16

Anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes separate

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17

telephase 1

wall in between forms

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18

cytokinesis 1

2 cells form

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19

prophase 2

centrosomes duplicate, spindle already formed

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20

metaphase 2

Chromosomes line up at the equator.

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21

anaphase 2

pull apart

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22

telekinesis/cytokinesis 2

wall forms and seperates

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23

germline

sex cells

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24

how many haploid cells do men produce in Meiosis?

4

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25

how many haploid cells do women produce in Meiosis?

1

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26

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

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27

Aneuploidy

Abnormal number of chromosomes.

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28

Trisomies

3 copies of a chromosome

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29

P generation

true-breeding parents

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30

F1 generation

offspring of the P generation

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31

F2 generation

Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.

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32

Law of Segregation

pairs of homologous chromosomes separate so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

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33

law of independent assortment

states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

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34

dominant allele

an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

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35

recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

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36

Mendalian traits

genes interact

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37

Epistasis

A gene masking the expression of another

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38

complete dominance

one allele is completely dominant over another

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39

Codominance

both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

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40

incomplete dominance

blended

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41

polygenic inheritance

multiple genes affect a single trait

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42

norm of reaction

range of phenotypes

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43

multifactorial

many factors, both genetic and environmental, influence phenotype

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44

Pedigree

"family tree"

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45

complementary base pairs

A, T, C, G, U

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46

A

Adenine

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47

T

Thymine

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48

C

Cytosine

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49

G

Guanine

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50

U

Uracil

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51

semi-conservative replication

DNA is split to make 2 daughter strands

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52

Helicase

unwinds and unzips DNA

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53

What direction is DNA written?

5' to 3'

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54

What direction is DNA read?

3-5

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55

DNA primase

DNA primer

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56

DNA polymerase

forms new copies of the DNA

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57

leading and lagging strand

leading: 5' to 3'
lagging: 3' to 5'

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58

Okazaki fragments

segments of the lagging strand

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59

DNA ligase

fills in the gaps

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60

Telomeres

DNA at the tips of chromosomes

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61

Telomerase

rebuilds telomeres

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62

protein synthesis

The creation of a protein from a DNA template.

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63

Transcribe

DNA to RNA

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64

Translate

RNA to Protein

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65

mRNA

messenger RNA

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66

tRNA

transfer RNA; carries amino acids to the ribosome)

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67

rRNA

composes the ribosome

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68

Codon

a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

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69

Anticodon

"complementary" 3 nucleotides on tRNA

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70

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

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71

Which codon is start?

AUG

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72

Mutations

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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73

deletion mutation

removes a chromosomal segment

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74

duplication mutation

repeats a chromosomal segment

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75

inversion mutation

reverses a chromosomal segment

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76

Translocation mutation

moves a chromosomal segment to another non-homologous chromosome.

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77

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

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78

base-pair substitution

type of mutation in which a single base pair changes

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79

missense mutation

altered codon still codes for another amino acid

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80

nonsense mutation

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

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81

silent mutation

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

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82

base pair intersection

adds or delete a nucleotide set

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83

Frame shift

causes codons to change

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84

bionary fission

the asexual method used by bacteria to reproduce

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