Education 245 HON midterm

Educ 245 Midterm

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment

Urie Brofenbrenner

known for his recognition of ecological influences on development and

Jerome Bruner

a constructivist theorist who contributed the three modes of representation to the field of cognitive development, believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature. Was a curriculum theorists and studied spiraling curriculum

Noam Chomsky

theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or "native" propensity to develop language

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. Discovered the ID, EGO, and SUPER EGO

Howard Gardner

devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic

Harry Harlow

development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

Konrad Lorenz

ethology (animal behavior); studied imprinting and critical periods in geese

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

Jean Piaget

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Children are born inherently good and capable of making decisions. Believed in pure unadulterated learning. Wrote Emile, a book on child centered learning

B.F. Skinner

Behaviorists who created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior

Lev Vygotsky

child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research. Children learn with an MKO and with dissonance that makes to student uncomfortable and challenge them

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

APGAR Scale

a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns

Behaviorism

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

behavioral conditioning

an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior. A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

brain lateralization

The idea that the left and the right hemispheres of the brain are specialized to perform different functions. Right and left side are connected via the corpus colosseum

Lobes of the brain

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

CPA cycle of curriculum design

Concrete, Pictorial, Abstract approach that utilizes burners spiraling curriculum theory

Circular Reaction

in Piaget's theory, a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat a chance event caused by their own motor activity. In primary circular reactions, infants are focused on their own bodies, while in secondary circular reactions, the focus shifts to objects and environmental events.

Critical and Sensitive Periods

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experience produces normal development

Ethology

The scientific study of how animals behave, particularly in natural environments.

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

Epigenesis

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

Growth Paths

A process of learning and adapting to new ways of functioning, which can include cultivating inner potential, seeking out challenges, and integrating new experiences into self-concept

information processing model

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages; encoding, storage, retrieval

Metacognition

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

multifactorial traits

traits that result from the interaction of one or more environmental factors and two or more genes

Nature vs. Nurture

a theory that attempts to answer how a person becomes who they are, and to what extent genetics or environmental factors are responsible; Heredity vs. Environment

normative events

events, and the transitions that surround them, that occur at relatively specific times in the lifespan, which most people in an age cohort experience, such as marriage and retirement, COVID, a death

Neural Growth

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor and neuropeptide primarily involved in the regulation of growth, maintenance, proliferation, and survival of certain target neurons

Occlusion

blockage

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

False-Belief Test

An experimental procedure that assesses whether a perceiver recognizes that another person has a false belief—a belief that contradicts reality.

authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

authoritative parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

uninvolved parenting

Style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children

Phonemic development of language

emphasizes language development skills with the ultimate goal of proficiently in reading and writing. Phonemic development begins with the skill of phonology - the part of language that involves an individual speech sound that a letter makes.

Pragmatics

the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

Pre-formationism

children treated as miniature adults during medieval times

Prosody

he rhythm and melody of language, is a fundamental part of language learning and social development that begins to develop in infancy:

Reciprocal interplay

individuals are influenced by and simultaneously influence the individuals and objects around them

Stage theories of development

progress through stages in order

progress through stages related to age

continuous change

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

Discontinuous change

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Toxic stress (allostatic load)

the wear and tear on physiological systems as a result of prolonged activation of the stress response systems

Resilience

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats

Universality

the idea that certain mental attributes, behaviors, or experiences are shared by all or nearly all humans across cultures.

vestibular stimulation

Sensory input to the balance system. Such input may include rocking, spinning, and other movement.

Schema Theory

people mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds **Filing cabinet

Stages of in-utero development

germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages

Germinal Stage

The first two weeks after conception, when the zygote travels to the uterus and implants.

Embryonic Stage

Weeks 3-8, when the embryo develops into a human form and the neural tube forms. The neural tube is the precursor to the central nervous system.

Fetal Stages

Weeks 9 until birth, when the baby and their organs continue to develop

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of an MKO