Metabolism

Define anabolic/catabolic reactions examples in the human body

Anabolic Chemical reactions make larger molecules out of smaller (requires energy ATP) e.g Protein synthesis (join amino acid together)

Catabolic Chemical reactions break down molecules into smaller units (release energy) e.g cellular respiration, digestion

Define metabolism ← just context

all chemical reactions occuring in an organism

·Explain why cells require oxygen and nutrients for metabolism.

• oxygen is required for cellular respiration

• Nutrients: Growth/repair/maintaining

• Fats lipids secondary source of energy for cellular respiration → Structures of cell membrane

• proteins form hormones → signal other chemicals making enzymes → create/ break

Nutrients definition and 6 groups

Any substance in food required for metabolism (Growth, repair, Maintaing the body)

• Water

• Carbohydrates

• lipids

• Protein

• Minerals

• vitamins

Organic compounds

Any molecule consiting of carbon chain (1/+ carbon atom covalently link to other atom)

e.g Carbohydrates/Lipids/vitamins/nucleic acid

• nucleic acid is RNA/DNA

Inorganic

without carbon Chain or without carbon

e.g water/minerals

Carbohydrates chemical composition macro molecules and uses

Chemical compositions

• Carbon hydrogen oxygen

Macro molecules

• Saccharides (mono, di,poly)

• Glucose lactose starch

usees

• the main source of energy for cell, thins blood, regulates mood

Saccharides what are they (how are they formed) and the difference between mono/di/poly with examples

Carbohydrates can broken broken into saccharides (simple sugar

Monosaccharides = 1 simple sugar e.g Glucose, fructose, and galactose

Disaccharides 2 simple sugars e.g Lactose, sucrose, maltose

polysaccharides multiple simple sugars e.g glycoge, cellulose, startch

Proteins chemical composition macro molecules and uses

chemical composition

• Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

• contain amino group NH₂

Macro molecules

• Amino acids

• Peptides (2/+ amino acids join by peptide bond di (2) and poly(10+)

Usees

• production of enzymes, hormones, antibodies

Protein Structure

Proteins are identified based on their strucutre → sequence of amino acids(100) between chemical bonds between atoms

Lipids chemical composition macro molecules uses and types of lipids

Chemical compo

• carbon, hydrogen (oxygen nitrogen sulfur and phosphorous)

Macro molecules (broken down into)

• Fatty Acids Glycerol

• Cholesterol LDL and HDL

Uses

• Stores energy ( secondary source of energy) hormones ,cell membrane

3 types of lipids

• triglyceride

• Cholesterol

• Phosphilipids

Vitamins type of substance, examples, uses

Organic substances

Obtain through diet cant be synthesised by body

Examples

Vitamin A,B,C,D,E,K

Uses

• regulating cell growth

• Metabolism of bones

• Cofactors

Minerals type of substance, examples, uses

Inorganic substances

Can be classified as macrominerals and trace minerals

Examples

• Calcium, sodium, phosphorous

• Iron, fluoride, selenium

Uses

bone function,nervous transmission, muscle function

• may function as cofactors

Define enzymes and describe their role in metabolism.

Enzyme are proteins their role in metabolism is to control chemical reactions that occur in the body

Mitochrondia

Breaks down glucose for ATP