TCP/IP CHAP 1.2 UITM

Why are protocol layers used in communication?

They divide the complex task of communication into manageable layers, each with its own protocols.

What is an example of simple communication using a single layer?

Two neighbors, Maria and Ann, communicate using sign language without additional protocols.

What is an example of multi-layer communication?

Maria and Ann use translation machines and postal services to communicate after Ann moves.

What is the OSI (Open System Organization) Model?

A standardized model for network communication introduced by ISO in the late 1970s

What are the seven layers of the OSI model?

Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.

What is encapsulation in the OSI model?

The process of wrapping data with protocol-specific headers for transmission.

What is the function of the Physical Layer?

It moves individual bits from one node to another.

What is the function of the Data Link Layer?

It organizes bits into frames and provides hop-to-hop delivery

What is the function of the Network Layer?

It moves packets from source to destination and enables internetworking.

What is the function of the Transport Layer?

It ensures reliable process-to-process message delivery and error recovery.

What is the function of the Session Layer?

It establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications.

What is the function of the Presentation Layer?

It translates, encrypts, and compresses data.

What is the function of the Application Layer?

It allows access to network resources.

How does the TCP/IP model compare to the OSI model?

The TCP/IP model has five layers and was developed before the OSI model.

What are the layers of the TCP/IP model?

Application, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical

What is the unit of communication at the Physical Layer?

A bit

What is the unit of communication at the Data Link Layer?

A frame.

What is the unit of communication at the Network Layer?

A datagram.

What is the unit of communication at the Transport Layer?

a segment, user datagram, or a packet, depending on the specific protocol used in this layer.

What is the unit of communication at the Application Layer?

A message.

What are the four levels of addressing in TCP/IP protocols?

Physical, Logical, Port, and Application-specific addresses.

How do physical addresses change in networking?

They change from hop to hop, while logical addresses remain the same.

How is a physical address typically represented?

As a 48-bit (6-byte) number in hexadecimal format, e.g., 07:01:02:01:2C:4B

Why do routers have multiple addresses?

They require separate physical and logical addresses for each network connection.

How is a port address represented?

As a 16-bit decimal number, e.g., 753.