Kinesiology Chapter 3

Vertebral column

all of the vertebrae that form the spine

axial skeleton

vertebral column, ribs, sternum, skull, attachment sites for large muscles

Regions of vertebral column

Cervical (7), thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (4)

Lordosis

anterior curvature of spine ( cervical/lumbar vertebrae)

Kyphosis

posterior curvature of spine (thoracic/sacral vertebrae)

Vertebral body

main portion of vertebrae, cancellous bone, absorbs compressive forces

Vertebral arch

pedicles and laminae, bony base for process

Vertebral foramen

opening posterior to vertebral body, bony canal for spinal cord

Intervertebral foramen

opening/passage for spinal nerves between adjacent vertebrae

Intervertebral disc

between vertebral bodies

Annulus fiborosus

fibrous outer ring

Nucleus pulposus

Gel-like inner core

Spinous process

projects dorsally and inferiorly

Transverse process

extends laterally on each side

superior and inferior facets

on each side of a vertebrae, connects joints between vertebrae

Costal facets

only on thoracic vertebrae, articular surface for ribs

Atlas

C1

Axis

C2 allows rotation of skull

Odontoid process (dens)

superior projection through foramen of atlas

Transverse foramen

on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae ( except C1), the vertebral artery and vein pass through

Thoracic vertebrae

thicker posteriorly and thinner anteriorly, kyphotic curvature

Sternum

flat vertical bone, support for rib cage, manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Rib cage

12 pairs of ribs

True ribs

first 7 ribs, direct links to sternum with costal cartilage

False ribs

have no bony connection to sternum

Floating ribs

ribs 8-10

Lumbar vertebrae

largest and least mobile, thicker anteriorly, lumbar lordosis

Thoracolumbar fascia (TLF)

supports lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, thick membrane, limits shear force

Sacrum

triangular bone, beneath 5th lumbar vertebra, forms posterior pelvic wall

foramina

opening on anterior and posterior surfaces, passage for spinal nerves

Coccyx

tailbone, 3-5 small vertebrae

Atlantooccipital joint

between skull and vertebral column, flexion and extension of head, supported by synovial capsules and membranes

Atlantoaxial joint

rotation of head, pivots for rotation, two synovial facet joints and supported by membranes

Intervertebral joints

interbody joint, 2 zygapophyseal (facet) joint

Interbody joints

joints inside the vertebrae, acts as cushions

Zygapophyseal ( facet) joints

formed by superior and inferior facets, allows small amount of motion, in between vertebrae arms

Musculature and movement

spinal muscles act to position, align, and stabilize trunk, agonist and antagonist muscles act stimultaneously

Posterior muscles

Erector spinae group

transversospinalis group

splenii

suboccipitals

quadratus lumborum

interversarii and interspinales muscles

serratus posterior superior and inferior

Erector Spinae Group

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

lower vertebral column and pelvis to base of skull

brings body back to neutral after flexion

Transversospinalis Group

multifidi, rotatores, semispinalis capitis

connect individual vertebrae

Splenii

rotation, lateral flexion, and extension of head and neck

Suboccipitals

4 small muscles pairs to stabilized head, precise movements

Quadratus Lumborum

stabilizes lower back

elevates pelvis

flexes trunk laterally

Intertransversarii

stabilizes

lateral flexion between vertebrae

interspinales

trunk extension

Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior

elevates and depresses ribs during breathing

Anterior Musculature

sternocleidomastoid

scalenes

abdominal muscles

diaphragm

intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

contralateral rotation, lateral flexion

Scalenes

(anterior, middle, and posterior) lateral flexion of cervical spine ( brachial plexus and subclavian artery passes through)

Abdominal muscles

rectus abdominis

rectus sheath

external oblique

internal oblique

transverse abdominis

trunk flexion, lateral flexion compression, ipsilateral flexion and rotation, contralateral trunk rotation, stabilizes

Diaphragm

controls volume of thoracic cavity

Intercostals

elevation/depression of ribs with deep breathing

Neck Flexion

Sternocleidomastoid

Anterior Scalene

Longus Capitis

Longus Colli

Neck Extension

trapezius

levator scapulae

splenius capitis

splenius cervicis

rectus capitis posterior major & minor

oblique capitis superior

semispinalis capitis

Ipsilateral Neck Rotation

levator scapulae
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis

Contralateral Neck Rotation

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene

Neck Lateral Flexion

Trapezius
levator scapulae
Sternocleidomastoid
anterior, middle, &posterior scalenes,
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
longus capitis
longus colli

Trunk Flexion

Rectus abdominis

external oblique

Trunk Extension

Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Multifidi
semispinalis capitis
Spinalis
quadratus lumborum

Trunk Rotation

external oblique

internal oblique

multifidi

rotatores

Trunk Lateral Flexion

illiocostalis
external oblique
internal oblique
longissimus
quadratus lumborum

Rib Cage expansion

anterior, middle, and posterior scalene

sternocleidomastoid

external intercostals

Rib cage collapse

internal intercostals

serratus posterior inferior