1. Cell Transport Brownian Movement Definition: Random movement of particles caused by their inherent kinetic energy. Occurs above freezing temperatures. Passive process (requires no energy/ATP). Responsible for constant molecular motion. Diffusion Definition: Movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Passive transport Moves down the concentration gradient No energy required Facilitated Diffusion Definition: Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane using membrane proteins. Passive transport High → Low concentration Only certain substances can pass Filtration Definition: Movement of water and dissolved substances through a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure. Driven by pressure differences Dialysis Definition: Separation of small molecules from larger molecules. Used in dialysis machines Not a normal transport process in the body 2. Active Transport Active Transport Definition: Transport requiring cellular energy (ATP). Endocytosis ("Into the Cell") Phagocytosis Cell Eating Engulfs solid particles Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria Pinocytosis Cell Drinking Engulfs fluids Exocytosis Definition: Movement of substances out of the cell. 3. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Covers body surfaces Lines organs and cavities Cells are tightly packed High mitotic rate Connected to connective tissue by a basement membrane Classification by Shape Shape Name Flat Squamous Cube-shaped Cuboidal Tall/elongated Columnar Classification by Layers Layers Name One layer Simple Two or more layers Stratified Example: Simple Columnar Epithelium = One layer of elongated cells 4. Connective Tissue Components Connective tissue contains: Cells Fibers Ground substance Fibers + Ground Substance = Matrix Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Tissue Supports organs Widely spaced fibers Adipose Tissue Fat tissue Insulation Energy storage Reticular Tissue Found in lymph nodes and spleen Acts as a filtering framework Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular Fibers run in one direction Found in: Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses Dense Irregular Fibers run in multiple directions Found in: Dermis of skin Elastic Connective Tissue Allows stretching Found in: Walls of arteries Elastic structures 5. Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Found in: Articular cartilage (joint surfaces) Costal cartilage (ribs) Fibrocartilage Strongest cartilage Found in: Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Meniscus of knee Elastic Cartilage Provides flexibility Found in: External ear 6. Skin (Integumentary System) Epidermal Cells Keratinocytes Produce keratin Waterproofing protein Melanocytes Produce melanin Protect from UV radiation Langerhans Cells Immune defense Fight infection Merkel Cells Touch receptors 7. Layers of the Epidermis Deepest → Most Superficial Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum (only thick skin) Stratum Corneum Thick Skin Found on: Palms Soles Contains: Stratum Lucidum Dead Layers Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum Filled with keratin. 8. Skin Glands Sudoriferous Glands Sweat glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Sebaceous Glands Produce sebum (oil) Ceruminous Glands Produce earwax Mammary Glands Modified sweat glands Produce milk 9. Skeletal System Upper Extremity Humerus Arm bone Radius Lateral forearm bone Thumb side Ulna Medial forearm bone Forms elbow joint Carpals Wrist bones 8 bones Metacarpals Hand bones Phalanges Finger bones Thumb: 2 phalanges Other fingers: 3 phalanges Pelvis Ilium Superior portion Pubis Anterior portion Ischium Posterior/inferior portion "Sit bones" Lower Extremity Femur Thigh bone Tibia Shin bone Medial Fibula Lateral lower leg bone Tarsals Ankle bones Metatarsals Foot bones Phalanges Toe bones Big toe: 2 phalanges Other toes: 3 phalanges High-Yield Exam Questions 1. What is Brownian movement? Random movement of particles caused by kinetic energy. 2. Does diffusion require energy? No. It is passive transport. 3. Difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion requires a selectively permeable membrane protein. 4. What is phagocytosis? Cell eating (engulfing solids). 5. What is pinocytosis? Cell drinking (engulfing fluids). 6. Which epithelial tissue has one layer of column-shaped cells? Simple columnar epithelium. 7. What is the matrix of connective tissue? Fibers + ground substance. 8. Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage. 9. Which epidermal cells produce melanin? Melanocytes. 10. What are the five epidermal layers? Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum. 11. Which bone is on the thumb side of the forearm? Radius. 12. Which bone forms the shin? Tibia. 13. What are the wrist bones called? Carpals. 14. What are the ankle bones called? Tarsals. 15. What are the hand and foot bones called? Metacarpals and Metatarsals. Quick Memorization Tips Pino = Sip → Pinocytosis = cell drinking Phago = Eat → Phagocytosis = cell eating Radius = Radio to Thumb → Radius is lateral Simple = One Layer Stratified = Many Layers Melanocytes = Melanin Keratinocytes = Keratin Sebaceous = Sebum (Oil) Sudoriferous = Sweat Carpals = Wrist Tarsals = Ankle This covers the major concepts your instructor specifically reviewed for the exam

Brownian Movement

Random movement of particles caused by their inherent kinetic energy.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane using membrane proteins.

Filtration

Movement of water and dissolved substances through a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure.

Dialysis

Separation of small molecules from larger molecules.

Active Transport

Transport requiring cellular energy (ATP).

Endocytosis

Process of bringing substances into the cell.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating, the process by which cells engulf solid particles.

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking, the process by which cells engulf fluids.

Exocytosis

Movement of substances out of the cell.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines organs and cavities; cells are tightly packed.

Basement Membrane

Layer of connective tissue to which epithelial tissue is connected.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of one layer of elongated cells.

Loos Connective Tissue

Contains widely spaced fibers and supports organs.

Adipose Tissue

Fat tissue used for insulation and energy storage.

Reticular Tissue

Connective tissue providing a filtering framework found in lymph nodes and spleen.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with fibers running in one direction, found in tendons and ligaments.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with fibers running in multiple directions, found in the dermis of the skin.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Allows stretching, found in arterial walls.

Hyaline Cartilage

Cartilage found in joint surfaces and ribs.

Fibrocartilage

Strongest cartilage found in intervertebral discs.

Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage providing flexibility, found in the external ear.

Keratinocytes

Epidermal cells producing keratin for waterproofing.

Melanocytes

Epidermal cells producing melanin for UV protection.

Langerhans Cells

Immune defense cells found in the epidermis.

Merkel Cells

Touch receptors located in the epidermis.

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis where cells are actively dividing.

Stratum Corneum

Most superficial layer of the epidermis, composed of dead keratinized cells.

Sudoriferous Glands

Sweat glands that include eccrine and apocrine glands.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that produce oily substance called sebum.

Ceruminous Glands

Glands that produce earwax.

Mammary Glands

Modified sweat glands that produce milk.

Humerus

Arm bone in the upper extremity.

Radius

Lateral forearm bone on the thumb side.

Ulna

Medial forearm bone that forms the elbow joint.

Carpals

Wrist bones consisting of 8 bones.

Metacarpals

Hand bones.

Phalanges

Finger bones with 2 in the thumb and 3 in other fingers.

Ilium

Superior portion of the pelvis.

Pubis

Anterior portion of the pelvis.

Ischium

Posterior/inferior portion of the pelvis, commonly known as 'sit bones'.

Femur

Thigh bone in the lower extremity.

Tibia

Shin bone that is medial.

Fibula

Lateral bone of the lower leg.

Tarsals

Ankle bones.

Metatarsals

Foot bones.

Big Toe Phalanges

Contains 2 phalanges.

Other Toe Phalanges

Contains 3 phalanges.