Rome's Legacy: Byzantium, The Papacy, and THE RCC

440

Roman Bishop (Leo 1) claims supremacy over other bishops

843

Restoration of Icons in the Eastern Church

1054

“Great Schism” (East-West) begins (ends 1965)

1204

Constantinople attacked as part of the Fourth Crusade

1453

Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks

Canonization

in the RCC, the definitive sentence by which the pope declares a particular dead person to have already entered into the heavenly glory and ordains for the new “saint” a public cult throughout the Church 

Ottoman Empire

Muslim empire of the Turks (1299-1922), established in northern Asia Minor by Osman I and expanded by his successors—its power in the region ebbed and flowed—it would resurge and ultimately capture Constantinople in 1453 (by 1699 it held all of Asia Minor and much of SE Europe) 

Seljuk 

a Turkish dynasty that ruled parts of Asia Minor in the 11th through 13th centuries—the Seljuks successfully invaded parts of the Byzantine Empire and defended the Holy Land against Crusaders—eventually they were defeated by a Mongol army 

Byzantium - Constantinople

presently known as istanbul, turkey

advantage of constantinople’s site

strategically located for commercial and political influence

expansion

reign of justinian

peril

the iconoclastic controversy

icons

religious images used to foster worship (flat pictures, mosaics)

iconoclasts

people who tried to destroy all icons

recovery 

byzantium experienced a golden age

disinegration

the byzantium empire began to fall apart: lost at manzikert to the muslim seljuk turks

reasons for the byzantineempire’s endurance

opposed to a barter economy, advanced military science, centralized adminstration

what type of economy did it possess

a money economy

greek fire

worked like napalm (a fire bomb or flame thrower)

orthodox (greek/eastern)

internal witness of the promised holy spirit keeps the truth

rcc

asserts spiritual authority in tradition, scripture, and pope

protestantism

asserts that spiritual authority rests in the inerrant word of God (sola scriptura)

emphasis of orthodox theology

sanctification; justification is virtually absent

what brought an upsurge in the papacy’s rise/position/authority

barbarian invasions

petrine theory

rcc insists that christ gave to peter a special rank as the 1st bishop of rome and leader of the apostles; peter was the first pope and all subsequent popes inherited his authority

apostolic succession

refers to bishops tracing a direct line of authority through the apostles back to christ

aspects of the pope

papacy (office), holy see, pontiff

how many popes from peter to francis

266

ex-cathedra

“from the chair”; viewed by the RCC as possessing divine authority equal to that of God in scripture - infallible

medieval world

middle ages

RCC

social cement of the middle ages - performed many of the record-keeping, judicial, and welfare functions

Patrick

evangelized Ireland in the 5th century - facts confused by legend

Clovis

king of the Franks

Gregory I

Gregory the Great; acted as ruler of Rome

What did Gregory the Great take measures to promote

clerical celibacy

what did Gregory I affirm and gave impetetus to the development of?

a place of purification; doctrine of purgatory

purgatory 

place or state in which are detained the souls of those who die in grace, in friendship with God, but with the blemish of venial sin or with temporal debt for sin upaid. Here the soul is purged, cleansed, and readied for eternal union with God in Heaven. 

Sacraments

efficacious signs of grace

the seven sacraments

baptism, holy eucharist, penance, confirmation, matrimony, holy orders, and extreme unction

baptism

washes away the stain of Adam’s original sin - unites person with RCC

holy eucharist

heart of the mass worship service

transubstantiation 

at the priest’s words, the elements actually become the body and the blood of Christ

confession/penance

priest prvateloy listens to a person confessing sins, which are then forgiven

confirmation

faith publicly affirmed; holy spirit received

holy orders/ordination

priests are sanctioned for their work by a bishop 

extreme unction

“last rites” given by a priest to someone near death for forgiveness of sins

relics

religious objects associated with a religious leader the body part of such