Module 3: Endocrine System (Adrenal Gland, Pineal Gland, Pancreas)

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Medulla

• What are the 2 main hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla?

  • What type of response do these hormones facilitate?

  • Blood Sugar: Adrenaline signals ___ to release ___ into the bloodstream to provide ___ ___.

• 2 Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Catecholamines)

  • Fight or Flight

  • Blood Sugar:

    • Liver, Glucose, Quick Energy

Adrenal Cortex:

• What are the 3 main hormone Adrenal Cortex releases?

• Cortisol

• Antidiuretic Hormone (Aldosterone)

• DHEA and Androgenic Steroids

Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol

• What does Cortisol influence in:

  • Liver:

  • Muscle

• Short Term Effects:

• Long Term Effects:

• Infuence:

  • Liver: Glucose Production

  • Muscle: Protein Breakdown

• Short Term:

  • Suppresses inflammation and other parts of the Immune System

• Long Term:

  • Weakens immune response and increases Systemic Inflammation

Adrenal Cortex: Antidiuretic Hormone (Aldosterone)

• What does Aldosterone cause the Kidney?

  • This increases what?

    • What does this regulate?

• Retain Sodium

  • Increases Total Body Fluid/Fluid Retention

    • BP, pH

Adrenal Cortex: DHEA and Androgenic Steroids

• DHEA and Androgenic Steroids are precursors to what? (2)

• Estrogen

• Androgens

What is ONE main factor that can affect the Adrenal Gland?

• Stress

Adrenal Gland Malfunction:

• Diseases of the Adrenal Gland are usually caused by either what?

• What are the 3 main Adrenal Gland Malfunctions?

• Too Much or Too Little of an hormone

• 3 Main Malfunctions:

  • Addison’s Disease

  • Cushing’s Disease

  • Primary Hyperaldosterone

Adrenal Gland Malfunction:

• What is Addison’s Disease?

• Potentially ___

• Requires ___ hormone supplementation

• What is:

  • Primary Adrenal insufficiency

  • Adrenal Gland is NOT producing enough cortisol/aldosterone

• Potentially FATAL

• Requires EXOGENOUS

Addison’s Disease:

• Main S/S (Pt 1 - 3)

• Fatigue, Body Aches, Muscle Weakness

• Unexplained Weight Loss, GI distress, increased thirst, decreased appetite

• Low BP

Addison’s Disease:

• Main S/S (Pt 2 - 3)

• Lightheadedness, Dizziness

• Loss of Body Hair

• Hyperpigmentation of skin, lips, gums

Adrenal Fatigue:

• What is Adrenal Fatigue?

• T/F NOT currently an accepted medical dx.

• Often confused w what disease?

• _____ state.

• What is:

  • Collection of NONSPECIFIC Symptoms

• True

• Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s)

• Hypersympathetic State

  • Always flight mode

Pineal Gland

Pineal Gland

Pineal Gland:

• What does the Pineal Gland secrete?

• What does the Pineal Gland regulate?

• 3 main Malfunctions:

• Secrete Melatonin

• Regulate Circadian Rhythm

• 3 Main

  • Tumor (rare)

  • Post TBI/Concussion

  • Calcification

Pineal Gland:

• Calcification:

  • T/F: Common and Age Related

  • Excessive Calcification may lead to consider what 2 conditions?

• True

• Excess:

  • Alzheimer’s

  • Migraines HA

Pancreas

Pancreas

Pancreas:

• What are the 2 main Functions of the Pancreas?

  • Exocrine:

  • Endocrine:

• Exo:

  • Digestive Enzymes (95% of function)

• Endo:

  • Regulates Blood Sugar w Insulin and Glucagon (5% of Function)

Pancreatic Issues:

• What are 2 main Pancreatic Issues?

• Pancreatitis

• Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic Issues: Pancreatitis

• What is it?

• Excess…

• Digests…

• What is:

  • Inflammation of Pancreas

• Excess Pancreatic Enzyme Secretion

• Digests organ itself

Pancreatic Issues: Pancreatic Cancer

• What is MC type of Pancreatic Cancer?

  • What type of tumor is it?

• ____ tumors account for < 5% of Pancreatic Tumors

• Common S/S (3)

• MC: Pancreatic Adenocarsinoma

  • Exocrine Tumor arising from cells lining pancreatic duct

• Endocrine

• Common S/S:

  • Weight Loss

  • Gall Bladder and Liver Enlargement

  • N/V

Pancreatitis:

• Causes/Risk Factors (Pt 1 - 4)

• Alcohol/Smoking (25% of acute pancreatitis cases)

• Gall bladdder Stones (40 % of acute pancreatitis cases)

• Abdominal injury, sx, trauma

• Hereditary conditions

Pancreatitis:

• Causes/Risk Factors (Pt 2 - 4)

• Hormonal Irregularity

• Recurring Pancreatitis (Acute » Chronic)

• Cystic Fibrosis

  • Affects digestive and resp symptoms

• Obesity, High Triglycerides

Pancreatitis:

• S/S of ACUTE Pancreatitis (7)

• LUQ Abdominal Pain/TTP

• Pain radiates to back

• Pain feels worse after eating

• Pain intensifies laying down

• Fever

• Rapid pulse

• N/V

Pancreatitis:

• Chronic Pancreatitis S/S: (3)

• LUQ Abdominal Pain

• Unintended Weight Loss

• Oily, Smelly Stool (Steatorrhea)

Diabetes Mellitus:

• It is a Complex Disorder of what?

• Results in what?

• Complex disorder of carbs, fat, protein metabolism

• Results in High Blood Glucose Levels

DM 1:

• What is DM 1 AKA?

• Decreases … in pancreas

• ____ Onset

• Insulin ____

• AKA: Insuline Dependent OR Juvenile Onset

• Decrease in Size/Number of Islet Cells

• Sudden

• Insulin Dependent

• DM 2:

  • When does it occur?

  • Progressive…

  • ____ Onset

  • T/F: Modifiable

  • Insulin ____

• Adult Onset

• Progressive beta cell dysfunction

• Gradual

• True

• Resistant

DM:

• Main S/S (8)

• Hyperglycemia

• Glycosuria

• Polyuria

• Polydipsia

  • Excessive thirst/dry mouth

• Excessive hunger

• Unexplained weight loss

• Fatigue

• Blurred Vision/HA

DM:

• Complications (Pt 1 - 4)

• Micro and Macrovascular Disease

• Impaired Wound Healing

• Polyneuropathy

• Diabetic Retinopathy

• Fatty Liver

DM:

• Complications (Pt 2 - 3)

• Exercise increases insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance

• Circadian Rhythm

• Stress Management

Metabolic X Syndrome:

• Refers to what?

• How to treat?

• Refers:

  • Group of risk factors that increase risk for:

    • Heart Disease

    • DM 2

    • Stroke

• Tx:

  • Lifestyle changes

  • Pharm management

Metabolic X Syndrome:

• Diagnosis requires presence of 3 of the following: (5)

• Abdominal Obesity (Men 40”, Women 30”)

• High Triglyceride Levels (of it already on meds)

• Poor LDL:HDL ratio

• Hypertension

• High Blood Glucose Levels