AP History Unit 7 Test

Describe Russia by the early 20th Century

They were falling behind Europe, Japan, and the US in wealth and power.

What did the Soviets do in order to accomplish their long-term goals of the development of collective prosperity and a just society?

They abolished private trade, distributed peasants' crops, took over factories and industry. (Communism)

What is the significance of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)?

It was a struggle for power in East Asia and the Russians lost. They tried to establish influence in Manchuria.

What types of domestic problems did China face in the 19th Century?

Ethnic tensions

Who did the Young Turks blame for the Ottoman Empire's economic problems?

Armenians

Describe the Turkish state that took the place of the old Ottoman Empire

More like a Western state, mainly secular focused. Public education, abolishment of polygamy, and women's suffrage.

Compare Mexico's Revolution of 1910 to the Chinese Revolution that began in 1910

Both were revolutions against very old long-standing rulers and governments like the Qing Dynasty.

What were the causes of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

Decades of political repression, economic inequality, social injustice under the dictatorship regime of Porfirio Diaz.

What factors contributed to the many revolutionary movements that resulted in the overthrow of monarchies and the establishment of republics and democracies in the 20th Century?

Desire for democracy and political representation and human rights.

What did the Russians who participated in the Bloody Sunday protests petition the Tsar for?

Better working conditions, higher wages, universal suffrage.

How did Mustafa Kemal try to reform Turkey to make it more like the Western World?

Mainly secular focused. Public education, abolishment of polygamy, and women's suffrage.

What types of unresolved conflicts did the Mexican Revolution not address?

Left conflict, tensions, and instability, especially from the population living in rural areas.

Describe the effects of the Great War:

European economies were distributed; rise of communism, fascism, colonial revolts, and genocide; massive shift of power from Europe to the U.S.; Germany was hit hard by the Treaty of Versailles (limited army, massive debt).

What was the IMMEDIATE (SHORT-TERM) cause of World War One?

The killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip of Serbia.

What were the LONG-TERM causes of World War One?

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, and Imperialism.

Which countries were part of the Allies during World War One?

France, Britain (England), Russia, U.S., Italy, Serbia, Switzerland and Belgium. First 3 countries are the main allies.

Which countries were part of the Central Powers during World War One?

Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.

The Triple Entente emerged from shared strategic interests and mutual concerns over the aggressive expansionist policies of rivals, particularly?

Germany

Why did Tsar Nicholas II of Russia order the full mobilization of his military even though he knew that Germany would consider his action an act of war?

Because Russia is huge and mobilization takes a long time so he prepared for what he thought was going to happen

How did imperialism contribute to the outbreak of World War One?

Expansionist ideas took over certain leaders minds resulting in their "need" for more growth and/or space for their country

Describe the Treaty of Frankfurt

It ended the Franco Prussian war, france surrendered Alice Lorane to Bismark's Germany

Which country/empire considered itself the "mother country" of all Slavic Peoples before the outbreak of World War One?

Russia

Describe the "Black Hand" AND its goal

It was a terrorist group with a goal to take down government leaders, specifically Austria-Hungary's

What factors explain Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870?

Superior military organization, modernization efforts, and Bismark's brilliance

Why did Britain become involved in World War One?

It feared Germany would throw off the balance of power, with that balance favoring Britain

What style of combat MOST dominated the Western Front during World War One?

Trench Warfare

What did Woodrow Wilson suggest should happen in order to ensure peace after World War One?

Negotiations around a table instead of war

Why did Germany object to Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?

Taking the responsibility for the start of the war

What were the results of World War One?

Germany: lost all of its colonies, loss land, demilitarized the Rhineland, no air force, restriction on how big their army got, war reparations, and had to take blame for the war

Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire: Both were split into smaller nations

America emerged as a world power, not yet super

Which event FINALLY pushed the United States into World War One?

A German U boat sunk a US ship carrying US citizens

Which alliance was Japan a part of during World War One AND why did it join that alliance?

Allies

Know the "Big Three" AND their visions for how to settle the peace after World War One

Britain, France and the US: US didn't want to be too harsh on Germany, while France wanted to decimate them, and Britain was in the middle

Why did Italy walk out of the Paris Peace Conference that was held after World War One?

Italy felt that their allies were betraying them for not giving them enough territory

What jobs were women able to occupy during World War One?

On farms, and factories or nurses and ambulance drivers on the front lines

Which countries/peoples did Woodrow Wilson believe deserved self-determination after World War One?

Conquered peoples under the defeated Central Powers.

Describe the Treaty of Lausanne

Officially ended World War I in the Middle East, recognized the Republic of Turkey's sovereignty, and replaced the earlier, unratified Treaty of Sèvres

What did the Treaty of Versailles do?

It fostered tensions and hatred that would culminate into WW2

Describe the Zimmermann Telegram AND its significance

The Zimmerman Telegram was the document in which the German government offered to help Mexico regain its territory it had lost to the United States in 1848 if Mexico allied with Germany in the war. This event finally pushed the U.S. into the war.

What is meant by "total war?"

All of a country's resources and industries are used to help support the war effort

Which alliance did the Arabs help during World War One AND why did they decide to help that alliance?

They fought for the allies because Britain promised them self-rule after the war if they won

What challenges did the League of Nations face after its formation?

Could it address issues on the global stage, and it couldn't

Describe the "economic trends" of the "Roaring Twenties"

Everything seemed to go up, and wouldn't stop

Why did the Great Depression spread to other parts of the world?

Other parts were dependent on the US stock exchange so when it dived, so did other economies

What were the social effects of the Great Depression?

Widespread poverty, unemployment, poverty, homelessness.

How did tariffs negatively impact the Great Depression?

Greatly reduced world trade because people didn't want to pay extra for international goods.

Describe Fascism's economic approach

Corporatism- Sectors of the economy working like organs of the same body. They could all organize themselves as long as they supported the total economy.

According to British Economist John Maynard Keynes, what should governments do to bring an end to economic depressions?

Deficit spending (spend more than what is brought in) and cutting taxes.

What was the main goal of Joseph Stalin's Five-Year Plans?

To industrialize the USSR and catch up to the Western Nations.

Name AND describe the THREE main goals of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal

Bring relief, recovery, reform.

Relief for the suffering

Recovery to bring nation out of depression

Reform of government policies to avoid future economic crashes.

What were the positive effects/results of Stalin's Five-Year Plans?

Growth of heavy industry, plenty of factory jobs, low cost of living.

What were the negative effects/results of Stalin's Five-Year Plans?

Collectivization of agriculture failed. Many peasants starved to death.

What strategies did governments use in their attempts to address the economic challenges after World War One?

Many Allied states like the US took a liberal approach trying to avoid war. Many of the axis powers and fascist states took a direct approach and intervened in the economy.

Which countries did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk recognize as independent nations?

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

What were the results/effects of the Mukden Incident?

Established Manchukuo as a puppet state. Let Japan dominate the resource rich region of Manchuria. Came from a staged attack on a railway.

What goals did Sun Yat-Sen have for China after World War One?

Advocate for reform and creation of a republic. Modernize China.

What goals did Mao Zedong have for China after World War One?

Part of the Chinese Communist party. Known for his theories on peasant based revolution and guerilla warfare. Communism.

How did the collapse of the Ottoman Empire affect the Middle East?

Created many new nation states, which caused Western influences and instability.

What did Great Britain's Balfour Declaration of 1917 promise to accomplish in the Middle East?

Made Palestine a home for the Jews. (Britain controlled Palestine)

Describe the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere AND its goal

The group of states and islands conquered by Japan. Japan said their goal was to liberate them from Western imperialism, but they really just conquered them themselves.

What was the purpose of Mohandas Gandhi's Salt March?

To try and protest British rule and their taxes

What factors alienated many members of Chinese society from Chiang Kai-Shek?

Authoritarian rule and failure to implement Sun Yat-Sen's democratic vision.

How did political polarization and economic pain from the Great Depression allow Adolf Hitler to ascend to power in Germany?

He exploited people's loss of wealth and animosity for other countries to seize power

Describe the Nuremberg Laws

They were designed to treat the Jews as less than people by stripping away their rights and citizenship among other things

Describe the Munich Agreement of September 1938

This gave Hitler the Sudetenland in return for no more expansion

Describe the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

It was the non aggression pact with Germany and USSR

What provided fertile ground for the rise of aggressive and expansionist regimes after World War One?

Economic turmoil, political instability, and Social unrest

How did the Treaty of Versailles lead to instability and resentment?

Being humiliated and putting their economy to pieces Germans were not happy with the treaty or the countries that set it up

According to Nazi ideology, why did Germany need additional land?

To establish a greater German Reich.

What is the meaning of "Lebensraum?"

Living space

The Nazis believed that it was vital for Germany to PRIMARILY acquire territory in which part of the world?

Europe

Which countries made up the Allied Powers during World War Two?

Britain, France, Russia and America, among others

Which countries made up the Axis Powers during World War Two?

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Describe the Soviet Union's diplomatic position at the beginning of World War Two

With Germany it was looking to take back land that they lost in WW1 so they sided with the Axis because Hitler said he could do that for Stalin

Why did Japan eventually plan to use military force against the United States during World War Two?

They wanted to decimate our pacific fleet so they could have free reign in the pacific for imperialistic intentions

Which battle in the Pacific saw U.S. forces begin to turn the tide against a Japanese war effort that had previously seemed unstoppable?

Iwo Jima

Why is D-Day considered a turning point in World War Two?

Because it gave us a launching point in Europe and got us closer to Germany by actually taking land back

Describe the "Island Hopping" strategy

The US would go from island to island to gain power and set up bases against Japan

What were the effects of World War Two?

The Axis Powers lost; 6 million Jews were killed; around 70-85 million people died; 21-25 million soldiers died; lots of devastation and destruction in Europe.

Describe the Manhattan Project AND its goal

To make an atomic bomb and to use it on Germany

Describe the strategy of "blitzkrieg"

It was a fast moving German strategy to take all your forces and punch in one spot driving into enemy territory, the key being fast moving

Describe the "Destroyers-For-Bases Agreement"

The US promised 50 naval destroyers in exchange for Britain giving up 8 naval and air bases in the western hemisphere

What goals were established by the Atlantic Charter for the post-World War Two world?

Restoration of self-government, abandonment of use of force, and the disarmament of aggressor nations.

Why did the United States ultimately decide to use atomic weapons against Japan in World War Two?

Japan's war culture was so against surrender that they would rather kamikaze than surrender, so rather than risk more american lives, they needed to show strength by dropping the bombs to finally get Japan to surrender

Which member of Nazi Germany's government was the leader of the Nazi special police-the SS?

Heinrich Himmler

Describe "Asia For Asiatics"

Japanese program that put conquered people into forced labor programs.

How did the United States and the international community respond to the Rwandan Genocide of the 1990s?

The UN nations were told to not use force. The US evacuated after the killing of Belgian peacekeepers. They failed to evacuate Rwandans.

What similarity do the genocides in Bosnia, Rwanda, and Sudan share?

They became stains of the conscience of the world and were a wake up call to international organizations supposed to defend human rights.

What has been referred to as the 20th Century's first genocide?

Armenian genocide.

Define Genocide

Meaning- Race Killing

Definition- Acts committed with intent to destroy an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group.

What does the term "Lost Generation"describe?

The people suffering from the shock of the first World War.

What are the common causes of mass atrocities?

Rise of extremist and totalitarian regimes promoting hate. Breakdown of democratic institutions and law and order. Lack of international intervention

What are the effects of mass atrocities?

Trauma and physical suffering for people, families, and communities. Sows seeds of division and hatred. Eroding democratic values. Reshape regional dynamics.

Which war is referred to as the first "total war" AND why is it referred to in such a way?

World War I because it included soldiers from across the world, including various colonies. There were also more deadly and efficient methods of killing. Industrial scale.

Compare AND contrast the causes AND effects of World War One and World War Two

Causes: Both developed due to MAIN, especially strong nationalism and eventually fascism in WWII.

Effects: Repositioning of power into the West, colonial desire for independence.