ANAPHY (THE HUMAN ORGANISM)

EMBRYOLOGY

First 8 weeks of development.

GROSS ANATOMY

Studies organs from either systematic or regional perspective.

SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY

Study of the body by systems

REGIONAL ANATOMY

Study of the organization of the body areas,such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously.

PHYSIOLOGY

The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.

CHEMICAL LEVEL

Determined by their chemical make up, it involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.

CELL LEVEL

Basic structural and functional units of organisms, contains smaller structures inside called organelles.

TISSUE LEVEL

A group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them determine the functions of the tissue.

ORGAN LEVEL

Composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.

ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

Group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions.

ORGANISM LEVEL

Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillion cells, such as a human.

HUMAN ORGANISM

Network of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce Vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produce blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Produce body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to connective tissue sheets or the skeleton by tendons.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of endocrine glands, including hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid glands, adrenal gland, gonads and other tissues that secrete hormones.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Transport nutrients, waste products, gases and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune system and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorb dietary fats from the digestive tract. Consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and other lymphatic tissues.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air; regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs, diaphgram, and respiratory passages.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other accessory organs.

URINARY SYSTEM

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the new born; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, uterine bladders, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory, structures, ducts and penis.

HOMEOSTASIS

Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment. Occurs because of the ceaseless interplay of the body’s many regulatory system.

HOMEO

Sameness

-STASIS

Standing still.

FEEDBACK SYSTEM

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

RECEPTOR

Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.

CONTROL CENTER

Sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained.

EFFECTOR

Receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Reverse a change in a controlled condition, to decrease any deviation from the set point is made smaller or resisted.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

When a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

SUPINE

Lying face upward.

PRONE

Lying face downward.

PLANES

Imaginary flat surface that pass through the body. Divides and sections the body.

SAGITAL

Right and Left

MEDIAN/MIDSAGITTAL

EQUAL right and left

PARASAGITTAL

UNEQUAL right and left

TRANSVERSE/CROSS-SECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL

Superior and Inferior

FRONTAL/CORONAL

Anterior and Posterior

OBLIQUE

Any angle other than 90 degrees

SEROUS MEMBRANE

Line trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.

2 TYPES OF SEROUS MEMBRANE

Parietal Membrane and Visceral Membrane

MESENTERIES

Anchor the organs to the body wall; provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.

RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS

Behind the peritoneum, more closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries, covered by parietal peritoneum.