Biology Test

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45 Terms

1

What are the 3 components of the cell theory?

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells

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2

What are organelles?

A specialized part of a cell that carries out specific functions necessary for its survival

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3

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells: pro = before; karyon = nucleus, lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, all prokaryotic cells are unicellular

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4

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells: eu = true; karyon = nucleus, contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, plant and animal cells have the same basic structure and function in similar ways

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5

The nucleus (structure & function)

Structure: Nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleolus.

Function: Stores genetic information (DNA), controls cell activities.

Nucleolus: a membrane-free organelle that floats in the nucleus and makes ribosomes (make protein)

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6

What is DNA?

located in the nucleus and contains the instructions for the cell

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7

What is the structure of DNA?

double helix (twisted ladder)

Sugar-phosphate backbone: (sides of ladder)

Paired nitrogenous bases (steps of ladder)

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8

Base pair rule

Adenine(A) pairs with Thymine (T)

Guanine(G) pairs with Cytosine (C)

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9

What is a nucleotide?

Building block of DNA (sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base)

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10

What are the different forms of DNA?

Uncoiled double helix: loose form

Chromatin: DNA wrapped around proteins

Chromosomes: Tightly packed DNA for cell division

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11

What is a karyotype?

A picture of an organism's chromosomes arranged in pairs

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12

How many chromosomes are in human cells?

46 chromosomes (23 pairs of homologous chromosomes)

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13

Somatic Cells

Body cells (46 chromosomes, diploid)

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14

Sex Cells (Gametes)

Sperm & egg (23 chromosomes, haploid)

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15

Autosomes

22 pairs (non-sex chromosomes)

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16

Sex Chromosomes

1 pair (XX for female, XY for male)

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17

Genes

Segments of DNA that code for proteins

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18

Proteins

molecules that perform functions in the body (enzymes, hormones, transport proteins)

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19

Cell division purpose

grow, repair, and reproduce

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20

3 steps of DNA replication

Unwinding: strands are separated, each strand acts as a template for a new strand

Complementary Base Pairing: Bases along each template are matched with free nucleotides

Stitch Together: Nucleotides are stitched together to form the sugar-phosphate backbone, completes the new strand of DNA

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21

Interphase

cell grows and duplicates DNA before division

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22

Mitosis (PMAT)

Prophase: spindle fibers extend, X-shaped chromosomes, nucleus disappears

Metaphase: chromosomes line up at the equator

Anaphase: sister chromatids separate

Telophase: two nuclei in one cell

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23

Cytokinesis

Cell membrane splits, forming two identical daughter cells.

Animal: Cleavage furrow pinches cell

Plant: Cell plate forms

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24

Cancer

A disease that results from uncontrolled cell division, cancer cells don't respond to instructions and continue to grow → forms tumours

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25

Chromatin

Unwound DNA

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26

Chromatid

One-half of a duplicated chromosome

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27

Chromosome

Condensed DNA

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28

Centromere

Region where sister chromatids are joined

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29

Centrioles

Help organize spindle fibers

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30

Spindle Fibers

Move chromosomes during mitosis

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31

Binary fission

Prokaryotes/bacteria

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32

Budding

Yeast

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33

Fragmentation

Starfish

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34

Vegetative reproduction

Potatoes and strawberries

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35

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Dolly the sheep

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36

Diploid (2n)

Cells with both sets of homologous chromosomes (somatic cells)

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37

Haploid (n)

Cells that contain only one set of chromosomes, no homologous pairs (human sex cells/gametes)

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38

Fertilization counterbalance

Diploid (2n) → Meiosis → Haploid (n) → Fertilization → Diploid (2n)

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39

Meiosis 1

Homologous Chromosomes Separate

Prophase I: chromosomes condense and attach to spindle fibres, Tetrads (4 chromatids) cross over and exchange genetic information

Metaphase I: Tetrads (homologous chromosomes) line up and go through independent assortment (random)

Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase I & Cytokinesis: chromosomes decondense, cleavage furrow forms and cytoplasm divides

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40

Meiosis II

Sister Chromatids Separate

Interphase II: does not occur to ensure DNA doesn't replicate

Prophase Il: Chromosomes condense and attach to spindle fibres

Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate in a single row

Anaphase Il: Sister chromatids separate

Telophase Il & Cytokinesis: Four unique gametes form

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41

Gamete Formation in Humans

Spermatogenesis (males): Produces 4 sperm cells

Oogenesis (females): Produces 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies

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42

Genetic Variation in Meiosis

Crossing Over (Prophase I): Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes, Independent Assortment (Metaphase I): Random alignment of chromosome pairs, Random Fertilization: Any sperm can fertilize any egg.

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43

First trimester

Zygote → Embryo → Fetus, Major organs and systems begin forming

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44

Second trimester

Time of growth, bone formation occurs

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45

Third trimester

Weight of fetus more than doubles, most major nerve tracks are formed in brain

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