Studied by 12 people
Physical factors
Climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources
Human factors
Economic, cultural, historical, and political aspects
Arithmetic density
Measure of population density calculated as total population divided by total land area
Physiological density
Measure of population pressure on the environment calculated as total population divided by total arable land area
Agricultural density
Measure of agricultural efficiency and reliance on human labor versus technology calculated as the number of farmers divided by total arable land area
Urban sprawl
Unrestricted growth and expansion of urban or suburban areas into surrounding countryside
Carrying capacity
Maximum population size that an environment can sustain without damage
Demographic characteristics
Age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income
Age categories of population pyramid
Pre-reproductive years (0-14), reproductive years (15-44), post-reproductive years (45+)
Sex ratio
Ratio of male births to female births in society
Dependency ratio
Measure of the number of people a society needs to support
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Total number of live births in a year per 1000 people in society
Crude death rate (CDR)
Total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in society
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Percentage by which the population grows in a year (NIR = CBR - CDR)
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Average number of children a woman will have
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Total number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births
Emigration
Individual leaving a country or political territory
Demographic transition model
Model showing changes in population growth over time
Zero population growth (ZPG)
When a country's birth and death rates are equal, resulting in zero population growth
Epidemiologic transition model
Model showing changes in disease patterns over time
Malthusian theory
Theory predicting population growth surpassing carrying capacity leading to negative consequences
Pro-natalist policies
Policies aiming to increase birth rates
Anti-natalist policies
Policies aiming to decrease birth rates
Immigration policies
Policies based on economic needs, security priorities, and cultural values
Increased education for women
Associated with lower fertility rates and improved health outcomes
Maternal mortality rate
Measure of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications
Ravenstein’s law of migration
Most migration is for economic reasons and undertaken by young adults
Gravity model
Migration flows influenced by size and distance between origin and destination
High dependency ratio
Can lead to reduced economic growth as countries raise taxes to support aging populations
Pull factors
Positive factors that attract people to a geographic location
Push factors
Negative factors that drive people to leave their current location
Intervening obstacles
Negative situations hindering migration
Intervening opportunities
Positive situations facilitating migration
Forced migration
When migrants have no choice but to move
Refugee
Individual forced to leave home country and cross international borders
Internally displaced person (IDP)
Forced to flee home but remains within national borders
Voluntary migration
People choose to move for better opportunities
Transnational migration
Emigration while maintaining ties to the home country
Chain migration
Legal immigrants sponsoring family members to immigrate
Step migration
Migration occurring in stages
Guest workers
Migrants temporarily moving for work or education
Remittance
Money sent by immigrants to family in their home country
Transhumance migration
Seasonal movement of livestock between locations
Intra-regional migration
Permanent move within the same region
Inter-regional migration
Permanent move between regions of the same country
Brain drain
Skilled labor leaving for better opportunities
Acculturation
Adoption of cultural traits from another culture
Assimilation
Adoption of a new culture resulting in the loss of the original culture
Syncretism
Evolution of cultures while remaining distinct
Note
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