Unit 2 APHG Key Terms

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Physical factors

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49 Terms

1

Physical factors

Climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources

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2

Human factors

Economic, cultural, historical, and political aspects

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3

Arithmetic density

Measure of population density calculated as total population divided by total land area

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4

Physiological density

Measure of population pressure on the environment calculated as total population divided by total arable land area

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5

Agricultural density

Measure of agricultural efficiency and reliance on human labor versus technology calculated as the number of farmers divided by total arable land area

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6

Urban sprawl

Unrestricted growth and expansion of urban or suburban areas into surrounding countryside

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7

Carrying capacity

Maximum population size that an environment can sustain without damage

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8

Demographic characteristics

Age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income

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9

Age categories of population pyramid

Pre-reproductive years (0-14), reproductive years (15-44), post-reproductive years (45+)

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10

Sex ratio

Ratio of male births to female births in society

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11

Dependency ratio

Measure of the number of people a society needs to support

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12

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Total number of live births in a year per 1000 people in society

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13

Crude death rate (CDR)

Total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in society

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14

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Percentage by which the population grows in a year (NIR = CBR - CDR)

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15

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have

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16

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Total number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

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17

Emigration

Individual leaving a country or political territory

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18

Demographic transition model

Model showing changes in population growth over time

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19

Zero population growth (ZPG)

When a country's birth and death rates are equal, resulting in zero population growth

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20

Epidemiologic transition model

Model showing changes in disease patterns over time

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21

Malthusian theory

Theory predicting population growth surpassing carrying capacity leading to negative consequences

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22

Pro-natalist policies

Policies aiming to increase birth rates

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23

Anti-natalist policies

Policies aiming to decrease birth rates

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24

Immigration policies

Policies based on economic needs, security priorities, and cultural values

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25

Increased education for women

Associated with lower fertility rates and improved health outcomes

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26

Maternal mortality rate

Measure of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

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27

Ravenstein’s law of migration

Most migration is for economic reasons and undertaken by young adults

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28

Gravity model

Migration flows influenced by size and distance between origin and destination

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29

High dependency ratio

Can lead to reduced economic growth as countries raise taxes to support aging populations

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30

Pull factors

Positive factors that attract people to a geographic location

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31

Push factors

Negative factors that drive people to leave their current location

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32

Intervening obstacles

Negative situations hindering migration

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33

Intervening opportunities

Positive situations facilitating migration

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34

Forced migration

When migrants have no choice but to move

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35

Refugee

Individual forced to leave home country and cross international borders

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36

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Forced to flee home but remains within national borders

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37

Voluntary migration

People choose to move for better opportunities

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38

Transnational migration

Emigration while maintaining ties to the home country

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39

Chain migration

Legal immigrants sponsoring family members to immigrate

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40

Step migration

Migration occurring in stages

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41

Guest workers

Migrants temporarily moving for work or education

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42

Remittance

Money sent by immigrants to family in their home country

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43

Transhumance migration

Seasonal movement of livestock between locations

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44

Intra-regional migration

Permanent move within the same region

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45

Inter-regional migration

Permanent move between regions of the same country

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46

Brain drain

Skilled labor leaving for better opportunities

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47

Acculturation

Adoption of cultural traits from another culture

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48

Assimilation

Adoption of a new culture resulting in the loss of the original culture

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49

Syncretism

Evolution of cultures while remaining distinct

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