Unit 2 APHG Key Terms

Physical factors

Climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, and natural resources

Human factors

Economic, cultural, historical, and political aspects

Arithmetic density

Measure of population density calculated as total population divided by total land area

Physiological density

Measure of population pressure on the environment calculated as total population divided by total arable land area

Agricultural density

Measure of agricultural efficiency and reliance on human labor versus technology calculated as the number of farmers divided by total arable land area

Urban sprawl

Unrestricted growth and expansion of urban or suburban areas into surrounding countryside

Carrying capacity

Maximum population size that an environment can sustain without damage

Demographic characteristics

Age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income

Age categories of population pyramid

Pre-reproductive years (0-14), reproductive years (15-44), post-reproductive years (45+)

Sex ratio

Ratio of male births to female births in society

Dependency ratio

Measure of the number of people a society needs to support

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Total number of live births in a year per 1000 people in society

Crude death rate (CDR)

Total number of deaths in a year per 1000 people in society

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Percentage by which the population grows in a year (NIR = CBR - CDR)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Total number of deaths under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

Emigration

Individual leaving a country or political territory

Demographic transition model

Model showing changes in population growth over time

Zero population growth (ZPG)

When a country's birth and death rates are equal, resulting in zero population growth

Epidemiologic transition model

Model showing changes in disease patterns over time

Malthusian theory

Theory predicting population growth surpassing carrying capacity leading to negative consequences

Pro-natalist policies

Policies aiming to increase birth rates

Anti-natalist policies

Policies aiming to decrease birth rates

Immigration policies

Policies based on economic needs, security priorities, and cultural values

Increased education for women

Associated with lower fertility rates and improved health outcomes

Maternal mortality rate

Measure of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy or childbirth-related complications

Ravenstein’s law of migration

Most migration is for economic reasons and undertaken by young adults

Gravity model

Migration flows influenced by size and distance between origin and destination

High dependency ratio

Can lead to reduced economic growth as countries raise taxes to support aging populations

Pull factors

Positive factors that attract people to a geographic location

Push factors

Negative factors that drive people to leave their current location

Intervening obstacles

Negative situations hindering migration

Intervening opportunities

Positive situations facilitating migration

Forced migration

When migrants have no choice but to move

Refugee

Individual forced to leave home country and cross international borders

Internally displaced person (IDP)

Forced to flee home but remains within national borders

Voluntary migration

People choose to move for better opportunities

Transnational migration

Emigration while maintaining ties to the home country

Chain migration

Legal immigrants sponsoring family members to immigrate

Step migration

Migration occurring in stages

Guest workers

Migrants temporarily moving for work or education

Remittance

Money sent by immigrants to family in their home country

Transhumance migration

Seasonal movement of livestock between locations

Intra-regional migration

Permanent move within the same region

Inter-regional migration

Permanent move between regions of the same country

Brain drain

Skilled labor leaving for better opportunities

Acculturation

Adoption of cultural traits from another culture

Assimilation

Adoption of a new culture resulting in the loss of the original culture

Syncretism

Evolution of cultures while remaining distinct