NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)

are the number one cause of death and disability in the world.

NCDs

The term _____ refers to a group of conditions that are not mainly caused by an acute infection, result in long-term health consequences and often create a need for long term treatment and care

These conditions include cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic lung illnesses

71

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year worldwide, equivalent to __% of all deaths globally. In the Region of the Americas, 5.5 million deaths are by NCDs.

Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, respiratory diseases, diabetes

___ account for most NCD deaths, or 17.9 million people annually, followed by ___ (9.0 million), ___ (3.9million), and ___ (1.6 million), globally

raised blood pressure

overweight/obesity

hyperglycemia

hyperlipidemia

Metabolic risk factors contribute to four key metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs (4)

hyperglycemia

high blood glucose levels

hyperlipidemia

high levels of fat in the blood

68, 29

NCDs account for __% of all deaths in the Philippines, and the probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from one of the four main NCDs is __% in the Philippines

Cardiovascular disease

is caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels.

tobacco

unhealthy diet

physical inactivity

Although heart attacks and strokes are major killers in all parts of the world, 80% of premature deaths from these causes could be avoided by controlling the main risk factors (3)

A person's genetic make-up

Socioeconomic group

Mental health

Diet

Overweight and obesity

Inactivity

Tobacco

Alcohol

Diabetes

Globalization and urbanization

Cardiovascular diseases: Contributing factors (10)

risk factors

(Cardiovascular diseases: Prevention) Focusing on a combination of ___ for cardiovascular disease

medical screening

(Cardiovascular diseases: Prevention) Implementing ___ for individuals at risk

treatment

(Cardiovascular diseases: Prevention) Providing effective and affordable __ to those who require i

Cancer

is the uncontrolled growth and spread of cells that arises from a change in one single cell. The change may be started by external agents and inherited genetic factors and can affect almost any part of the body.

multistage

(Cancer) The transformation from a normal cell into a tumor cell is a ____ process where growths often invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize to distant sites.

Physical carcinogens

Chemical carcinogens

Biological carcinogens

(Cancer) Interaction between a person's genetic factors and any of three categories of external agent (3)

Physical carcinogens

such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation or asbestos

Chemical carcinogens

such as vinyl chloride, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food contaminant) and arsenic (a drinking-water contaminant)

aflatoxin

a food contaminant

arsenic

a drinking-water contaminant

Biological carcinogens

such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria or parasites

Most chemicals

____ to which people are exposed in everyday life have not been tested for their long-term impact on human health.

lung cancer, breast cancer

In high-income countries, the leading causes of cancer deaths are ___ among men and ____ among women.

underlying risks

In low and middle income countries cancer levels vary according to the prevailing ___. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women.

Diabetes

is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar) or alternatively, when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.

double

The overall risk of dying among people with diabetes is at least __ the risk of their peers without diabetes.

347

About __ million people worldwide have diabetes.

overweight, obesity, physical inactivity

There is an emerging global epidemic of diabetes that can be traced back to rapid increases in __, __ and __

Elevated blood sugar

___ is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, and over time can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic neuropathy

kidney failure

heart disease and stroke

Some health complications from diabetes include (4)

Obesity

___ is one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century.

excess weight

In addition to causing various physical disabilities and psychological problems, ___ drastically increases a person's risk of developing a number of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. The risk of developing more than one of these diseases (co-morbidity) also increases with increasing body weight.

Overweight, obesity

__ and __ are defined as "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health"

Body mass index (BMI)

the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2)

Body mass index (BMI)

is a commonly used index to classify overweight and obesity in adults. WHO defines overweight as a BMI equal to or more than 25, and obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30.