Homonin Evolution

Biology Level 3 Study - Human Evolution

australopithecus afarensis is known as “_______”

lucy

australopithecus afarensis lived __ - __ mya

4, 3

australopithecus afarensis originated from the “_______” region of _______

afar, ethiopia

australopithecus afarensis’ habitat is _______ _______

open grassland

australopithecus afarensis have males around ___m tall, and females around __m tall, showing _______ _______ within the species

1.5, 1, sexual dimorphism

australopithecus afarensis have finger bones which are _______ than humans, and slightly _______

longer, curved

australophithecus afarensis have a jaw which is almost _______

parallel

australopithecus afarensis’ canine teeth are _______ than humans

larger

australopithecus afarensis have a _______ capacity of 385 - 450 cm³

cranial

homo habilis is known as “_______ __ ___ _______”

jack of all trades

homo habilis lived ___ - ___ mya

2.3, 1.4

homo habilis originated from _______

tanzania

homo habilis’ males and females are both ___m tall, and _______ (lighter/heavier) than modern homo sapiens

1.3, lighter

homo habilis’ jaw is small and __-shaped

u

homo habilis have a _______ capacity of 600 cm³, around __% larger than australopithecus

50

homo habilis’ _______ are disproportionately long

arms

homo habilis used _______ tool culture

oldowan

homo ergaster is known as “_______ _______”

turkana boy

homo ergaster lived ___ - ___ mya

1.9, 0.8

homo ergaster originated from _______ _______

southern africa

homo ergaster has a _______ capacity of 800 - 1100 cm³

cranial

homo ergaster is ___m - ___m tall

1.4, 1.8

homo ergaster has very little _______ hair and increased _______ _______

body, sweat glands

homo ergaster has a little _______ development, since sweat glands reduce their need to _______

language, pant

homo ergaster have the ability to interpret their surroundings, eg, f_______

footprints

homo ergaster have more _______ in their eyes, allowing them to read _______ of each other

emotions

homo ergaster used _______ tools, known as the “_______ _______”

acheulean, hand axe

homo erectus is also known as “_______ _______”

upright man

homo erectus lived ___ mya - ________ ya

1.8, 300000

homo erectus were found in _______, so were the first to emigrate out of _______

asia, africa

homo erectus left _______ due to a change in the _______ and an increase in _______ competition

africa, climate, intraspecific

homo erectus were around ___m tall and __kg

1.8, 50

homo erectus were the first to demonstrate _______ use of _______

controlled, fire

homo erectus used _______ tools as well as _______ tool culture

bamboo, acheulean

homo heidelbergensis is known as “_______ _______”

ancient sapiens

homo heidelbergensis have a similar _______ size to homo _______

brain, sapiens

homo heidelbergensis were found in _______ and _______

africa, europe

homo heidelbergensis in Africa became _______; homo heidelbergensis in Europe became _______

homo sapiens, neanderthals

homo heidelbergensis lived ________ - ________ ya

600000, 400000

homo neanderthalensis lived _______ ya

200000

homo neanderthalensis had a _______ (shorter/longer), _______ skeleton, with males around 1.6m tall and females around 1.5m tall

shorter, stockier

homo neanderthalensis have a _______ (smaller/larger) brain capacity than sapins, around 1500 cm³

larger

homo neanderthalensis had _______’s area present in their brains, giving them the ability to _______ speech

broca, make

homo neanderthalensis have a _______ (smaller/larger) nose, minimising their need to sweat due to their cold climate

larger

homo neanderthalensis used _______ tools, aiding _______ _______ methods

mousterian

homo sapiens lived ________ ya to present

200000

homo sapiens are tall and slim, with a _______ (low/high) SA : V ratio

high

homo sapiens have a _______ face

flat

homo sapiens have _______ (smaller/larger) teeth

smaller

homo sapiens have a cranial capacity of _____ cm³

1400

homo sapiens use _______ _______ and _______ tools

upper paleolithic, neolithic

homo _______ lived 300,000 - 200,000 ya, and were around 1.4 m tall with a small cranial capacity fo 450 - 600 cm³ and a high, thin skull

nadeli

homo floresiensis is known as “_______”

hobbit

homo floresiensis lived 80,000 - 20,000 ya - coexisting with homo _______

sapiens

homo floresiensis were found on _______ island in _______

flores, indonesia

homo _______ were small, with a cranial capacity of 380 cm³, weight around 25kg and a height of around 1m

floresiensis

the STAT2 gene was passed on to homo sapiens by the _______

neanderthals

the STAT2 gene aids the _______ system

immune

the STAT2 gene is only found in populations further _______ (north/south), and not in sub-_______ populations

north, saharan

the denisovans are from _______, which is an area with a _______ (high/low) altitude and _______ (high/low) O₂ concentration

tibet, high

the EPAsI gene was passed on to homo sapiens from the _______

denisovans

the EPAsI gene allows for a higher _______ concentration, to aid survival in areas with a low O₂ concentration

haemoglobin

the acronym for the order of tools and species throughout homonin evolution is:

_______ ______

• _______

• _______

• _______

• _______

• _______

• _______

• _______

• _______

• _______

oamupn hens, oldowan, acheulean, mousterian, upper paleolithic, neolithic, habilis, erectus, neanderthalensis, sapiens

in the old stone age:

• lower paleolithic tools: _______ then _______

• middle paleolithic tools: _______

• _______ _______ tools

in the middle stone age, or “_______” era:

• clay pots

in the later stone age:

• _______ tools

• _______ began to be used

• farming and _______ of plants and animals

oldowan, acheulean, mousterian, upper paleolithic, mesolithic, neolithic, metal, domestication

_______ tools were made by hitting _______ pebbles together to chip off a _______, which was used for choppers / hammers / digging _______ / cutting _______

oldowan, river, shard, roots, meat

_______ tools, known as the “_______ _______”, were made by strinking a rock 50-60 times to chip many _______ off a central _______

acheulean, hand axe, flakes, core

homo _______ made acheulean tools; homo _______ added bamboo to them

ergaster, erectus

_______ tools were made using the _______ technique, where many chips were _______ off from the outer edge of the rock, then a blow to the _______ removes a flake from the surface to be used as blades and scrapers for _______ _______

mousterian, levallois, flaked, centre, cooperative hunting

_______ _______ tools were a variety of _______ tools made from different materials: b_______, w_______ then c_______ (in the _______ era)

upper paleolithic, specialised, bone, wood, clay, mesolithic

_______ tools introduced the use of _______

neolithic, metal

tools provided a _______ feedback loop for the evolution of homonins

• better tools led to higher availability of _______-dense, nutritious foods such as _______ _______

• development of larger _______ and bodies over time

• activation of visual-motor _______ and the ability to _______

positive, calorie, bone marrow, brains, coordination, plan

_______ occured between biological and cultural evolution

coevolution

tool-making was a driving _______ _______ for evolution of the hand, improving gripping ability with the _______ grip, stability and a _______ thumb

selection pressure, precision, straight

fire extends _______ hours for work, especially developing _______

light, tools

fire protects from _______

predators

fire allows food to be _______, making it _______ and decreasing the risk of _______, both of which increase _______ efficiency

cooked, softer, bacteria, energy

fire provides a meeting place for _______ interaction

social

the _______ of fire allows exploration into more _______ habitats

warmth, extreme

shelter evolved from _______, to _______, and finally to _______ shelter (initially built with clay and mud)

trees, caves, permanent

permanent shelters allowed for _______ practices to develop; a _______ lifestyle limited food collection to that of _______/_______

farming, nomadic, hunter, gatherers

making _______ enabled exploration into more _______ conditions

clothes, extreme

clothes required _______ as tools, developed in _______ tool culture

needles, neolithic

as communication improved, co-operation during _______ also could improve

hunting

art began as an expression of i_______, c_______, and a sense of s_______

imagination, communication, spirituality

_______ of animals provided a reliable food source, increasing the amount of _______ available for other activities

domestication, time

domestication led to _______ (with the formation of permanent settlements) and conflict

territoriality

farming has _______ restrictions: “what” is available “when”; and is also _______-dependent

seasonal, weather

farming and domestication attracts rodents, increasing risk of _______

disease