3.8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins

Base addition

a base is added to a DNA sequence

Base deletion

a base is removed from a DNA sequence

Base substitution

one base is swapped for another

Base duplication

a base is copied and added to the sequence

Base inversion

part of a sequence of bases is removed and reattached back to front (180 degrees)

Base translocation

part of a nucleotide sequence from another chromosome is inserted into the gene

mutagenic agents

increase rate of mutation e.g. UV light, mustard gas

silent mutation

when the base sequence is changed by a mutation but it does not affect the resulting amino acid sequence

Nonsense mutation

when the stop codon is coded for too early in the mRNA sequences leading to the formation of an incomplete polypeptide chain

Missense mutation

when the mutation of a base sequences causes the wrong amino acid to be coded for

easy marks when analysing data

-gender

-species

-statistical test