SOCSCI100: Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings - 19th Century Philippines

Flashcards covering the political, economic, and social institutions of the Philippines during the 19th century under Spanish rule, including key officials and systems of labor.

Encomienda system

The main economic program or leasehold system of Spain in the Philippines, which was frequently abused by the Spaniards.

70-30 percent crop sharing

A usurious economic practice that became the most abused practice to uneducated farmers.

Monopoly system

A form of economic abuse where Spaniards monopolized the buying and selling of raw materials, and middlemen sold them at a higher cost.

Galleon trade

An economic activity involving ships where boletas were used to purchase goods, though ships often never returned due to typhoons or man-made accidents.

Boletas

Tickets or documents used to purchase goods from ships during the galleon trade.

Peninsulares

The highest social strata in the 19th-century Philippines imposed by Spain.

Principalia

One of the social classes in the Philippine social strata during Spanish rule.

Indios

A term used by Spaniards and mestizos to curse brown-skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos, treated as inferior beings.

King Ferdinand VII

His turbulent reign marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain, resulting in multiple constitutions and frequent changes in government.

Governor Rafael de Izquierdo

A boastful and ruthless governor-general (1871-1873) who executed the three innocent priests known as GOMBURZA.

GOMBURZA

The three innocent priests whose execution by Governor Rafael de Izquierdo awakened the anger of the Filipinos.

Admiral Jose Malcampo

A governor-general (1874-1877) described as a good Moro fighter but an inept and weak administrator.

General Fernando Primo de Rivera

A governor-general who served two terms and enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila.

General Valeriano Weyler

Also known as 'The Butcher,' a cruel and corrupt governor-general of Hispanic-German ancestry who arrived poor and left a millionaire.

General Camilo de Polaviejo

A heartless governor-general widely detested by the Filipino people for executing Dr. Rizal.

Ventura de los Reyes

The first Philippine delegate who took active part in framing the Constitution of 1812 and was one of its 184 signers.

Sinibaldo de Mas

A Spanish economist and diplomat who, in 1843, questioned the anomaly of Russians claiming liberty for themselves while imposing laws on remote peoples.

Frailocracy

A notorious invisible government meaning 'rule of the friars,' where Spanish friars were so influential they practically ruled the Philippines.

Polo

Compulsory forced labor imposed on adult males; originally for ages 16-60 for 40 days a year.

Falla

A sum of money paid to the government by Filipinos who wished to be exempted from the polo.

Polistas

Filipino males who were obliged to render forced labor.

Royal Decree of July 22, 1883

A decree that increased the minimum age for polistas from 16 to 18 and reduced the forced labor days from 40 to 15.

Guardia Civil

Also known as the constabulary, it was the last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny, created by the Royal Decree of February 12, 1852.

Dominican Estate of Calamba

The hacienda where Rizal's family and relatives were tenants.