Unit 1 Terms

Confederation

form of gov. where power is shared between a weak central government and strong states

Realignment

when a group of voters change parties

Dealignment

when a group of voters move to a independent party

Pluralism

different factions that are together in a society

EX: rich v. poor, North v. South

Hyperpluralism

multiple factions become powerful enough to take over society, gov can’t function

Direct Democracy

people in households would vote and propose ideas, (no representatives)

New Jersey Plan

each state is equally represented (one vote in congress)

unicameral

power to tax

Virginia Plan

-bicameral:

each states representation based on population share (1 house)

one by taxes (1 house)

-three branches

Connecticut Compromise (Great Compromise)

Bicameral:

one house by population ( house of representatives)

one house by Equal representation (senate, each state gets 2 senators)

-three branches

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

-no executive branch

-no judicial branch

- no power to tax

-no power to regulate commers (business)

-only one rep. from each state

-9/13 states had to agree to pass laws

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court asserted its right to determine the meaning of the Constitution, creates judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland

case involved a dispute over the Second Bank of the United States, Maryland tried to tax the bank

court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause to create the bank, establishes the Supremacy Clause

Supremacy Clause

makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws as long as the national government is acting within its constitutional limits

Gibbons v. Ogden

Supreme Court interpreted Constitution very broadly giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce as encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity, establishes Commerce Clause

Social Contract Th.

“life, liberty, and the pursuit of property”, if gov. neglects natural rights, citizens can dissolve the gov.

Unitary

gov. where all the power resides in the central government

Elite Th.

theory that republic isnt by the will of the ppl, but by a small elite class who makes all the important decisions

3/5 Compromise

allowed southern states to count a slave as 3/5 of a person for seats in the House

Slave Trade Compromise

No regulation in slave trade for 20 years

Article 1 of the Constitution

Legislative Branch

Article 2 of the Constitution

Executive Branch

Article 3 of Constituion

Judicial Branch

Article 4 of the Constitution

Relations among the States

Article 5 of the Constitution

Provisions for the Amendments

Article 6 of the Constitution

National Debts, Supremacy of national law, Oath

Article 7 of the Constitution

Ratification of the Constitution

Commerce Clause

giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce as encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity

delegated, enumerated, expressed powers

powers the Constitution specifically gives the federal government

inherent powers

the government is the sovereign power, so they have all the powers a government should have

reserved powers

no power given to the government, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved for the states/people

prohibited powers

any power not directly given or implied to the federal government or states

extradition

return fleeing criminals in another state back to their home

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic)

authorizes Congress to pass all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the enumerated powers

Nullification

states disregard a rule a federal government placed cus they believe it is unconstitutional

Privileges and Immunities

according citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of other states (no discrimination)

interstate compacts

contract between two states on a problem, policy, etc.

preemption

allows federal gov. to stop or limit a state who created laws conflicting other laws.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

each state needs to recognize the public, acts, and records of all other states

federal grants-in aid

national government gives funds to state and local governments

Categorical grants

grants to state and local governments for very specific programs

EX: fed gov gives states a grant to fix 3rd graders reading in a lower class with less than 55,00+ population in their town

Block grants

grants to state and local government for broad, general purposes

EX: fed gov gives states a grant to fix 3rd graders overall reading

Mandate

requirements that states or local government get from the local government, in return w a condition or receipt of a grant

unfunded mandate

mandate, but the government doesnt give a grant, u just gotta do it

Dual Federalism

federal and state governments are separate in their work (layer cake)

Cooperative Federalism

federal and state government cooperate together in complex problems

New Federalism

give states some power back, and the power of devolution

devolution

Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.

Fiscal Federalism

The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system: how states and fed government carry relations w each other

Picket Fence Federalism

different levels of the government work together to promote a develop each policy.