Diagnostic Medicine End of Course Review

Levels of education (lowest to highest)

Aid: OTJ training

Assistant: certification or in some cases AD

Technician: 2-4 years college AD

Technologist: 4 years college BS

Optometrist: 4 years college plus optometry school. Does a visual exam and writes prescriptions for glasses/contacts.

Radiologist

Heads the radiology department, interprets images and collaborates with other physician’s to help diagnose patients.

Pathologist

head of the laboratory

Ophthalmologist

Eye doctor (does surgical procedures as well as other routine care)

Cardiologist

Heart doctor

Tele-health

is the sharing of information through technology

Tele-medicine

is diagnosing and treating from a remote location

What does tele-health/medicine technology usually uses?

They use some kind of webcam and transmits information through images.

Why is technology the future of diagnostic medicine?

It’s the future of diagnostic medicine because technology is changing quickly due to the advances of it.

OSHA

a government agency which protects workers in the workplace.

Wear PPE ___________ for the particular ____ of thing you will be _______ to.

appropriate; type; exposed

What kind of PPE will you need to use if you are in direct contact?

Gloves for example of contact is MRSA and Hepatitis C.

Mask is required for what?

airborne and droplet borne infectious agents

When you used a dirty needle you never _________

recap

Medical asepsis definition

methods used in non sterile areas

how does medical asepsis help in a medical setting?

1. Reduces number of infections

2. clean technique

3. disinfection

4. handwashing

what needs to happen in a surgical asepsis setting?

sterile technique where sterilization is the highest level of cleaning (kills all bacteria)

In diagnostic radiology you need to check the following…

1. Allergies: if allergic to seafood; no radio-opaque dyes for contrast images

2. Age if under 12 may need sedation

3. Weight: check to see what maximum table weight is

4. Pacemaker: may be damaged from exposure to MRI

5. Metal items in the body: can heat up and be dislodged in an MRI

In a radiology setting what protection is needed?

lead gloves, apron, goggles, and wear a dosimeter or film badge to measure the amount of radiation you receive

When a medical equipment has radiation, what position needs to happen?

Stand at a right angle to the tube and put distance between yourself and the tube. But when the radiation comes out stand behind lead lined glass.

X-ray is also known as

radiograph

What does X-ray check

when a woman’s last menstrual period was to make sure no possibility of pregnancy

What type of equipment uses x-ray

CT and mammography

Fluoroscopy

is moving x-ray (contrast medium as it moves through the body

Where is x-ray used

GI series and arteriograms

Cineradiography

filming images on fluoroscope screen with a video camera

Chest x-ray shows

heart, lungs, and ribs primarily

Radiopaque

x ray is blocked- shows up as white on the x-ray film

Radiolucent

x ray passes through shows up as grey

MRI

uses magnets and good to visualize soft tissues

Sonography (ultrasound)

sound waves bounce off organs to produce an image. Safe for a fetus

Echocardiogram

Ultrasound of heart

PET

Shows both structure and function

Radioactive isotope

tagged to a substance metabolized by ells and injected into the blood.

Nuclear Medicine Scan

radioactive isotope is tagged to substance absorbed by specific tissue and injected into the blood

CT is cheaper than ___ or ___

MRI; PET

Definition of clinical laboratory

components of blood

Solid components of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Fluid portion components of blood

plasma

Metabolic panel

electrolytes (Ca, Na, K, Mg, Glucose etc…)

CBC

complete blood count

PT & PTT

clotting time

H&H

hemoglobin and hematocrit in the blood

Lipid panel

test for cholesterol

Hb-A1C

test for diabetic patients

Blood types A, B, AB, and O determined by the _______ on the blood cell ______.

antigen; surface

Rh has _ or _

+ ; -

Phlebotomy is…

commonly used veins-median cephalic and median cubital

Phlebotomy procedure

1. Bevel up

2. Release the tourniquet before taking out the needle

3. Check for allergies to latex

4. Use PPE (gloves)

5. Clean site with isopropyl alcohol

Phlebotomy on an infants…

should be on the heel or scalp

Arterial blood gasses test the __ , ____ _______, and __ in the blood. Usually drawn by a ____ or _________ _________.

pH; Carbon dioxide; O2; doctor; respiratory therapist

Definition urinalysis

gross analysis of urine includes inspection, smell, and weight (specific gravity)

Sclera

White of the eye

Choroid

Vascular layer

Retina

inner nerve later. contains the rods and cones so important for night vision.

OS

Left eye

OD

Right eye

OU

both eyes

Lensometer

an instrument used to determine lens prescription in already ground lens

Phoropter

instrument used to determine lens prescription

Hyperopia

farsightedness

Myopia

nearsightedness

Presbyopia

farsightedness caused by loos of lens elasticity with age

Astigmatism

misshapen cornea

Snellen chart

measures visual acuity

what does 20/100 mean?

the client can see from 20 feet away what a person with normal vision would be able to see from 100 feet

Ishihara

assesses for color blind

Tonometer

an instrument that measures intraocular pressure (IOP), to test for glaucoma

Blood pressure

the newest guidelines say that a normal systolic blood pressure should not be over 119 and a normal diastolic should not be over 79.

Normal pulse range for an adult is __ - ___

60-100

Respiratory rate is

12-20

Parts of the heart

• 2 upper chambers-atria

• 2 lower chambers- ventricles

• 4 valves

  • atrioentricular- tricuspid and bicuspid

  • semilunar- pulmonary and aortic

Valve pathology

mitral/bicuspid valve most susceptible to problems

Stenosis

narrowing of the valve from scarring

Insufficiency (prolapse)

improper closing of the valve from scarring, usually due to strep

4 major vessels

vena cava, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, and aorta

Blood flow through the heart

vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, biscuspid or mitral valve, left ventricle, aorta, body

Septum

dividing wall between the left and right heart

Endocardium

lines inside the heart

Myocardium

middle muscular layer of the heart

Pericardium

outer layer of the heart

Right cornary artery

supplies right side of heart

Left cornary artery

supplies left and back of heart

Left anterior

descending (branch of LCA) supplies font and side of heart

Circumflex

supplies rear of heart

SA Node

pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium-initiates the impulse. Inherent rate 60-100

Av Node

inherent rate 40-60

Purkinje fibers

cause ventricles to contract

Inherent rate of ventricles

20-40

Cardiac conduction system

SA Node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, R/L bundle branches, and purkinje fibers

3 lead ECG lead placement

White right, smoke over fire (for monitoring) (RA, LA, RL, LL)

Preparation for EKG

1. Explain procedure

2. Use alcohol to prep skin

3. shave if necessary

P Wave

atrial contraction

QRS

ventricular contraction

T wave

ventricular repolarization

PRI

0.1-0.2 seconds

QS interval

0.04-0.11 seconds

Small block

0.04

Large block (5 small blocks)

0.2 seconds

Report life-threatening ____________ at once

arrhythmia