THE REAL HISTORY STUFF GOOD LUCK

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to make money or help rebuild.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that Americans were destined to expand westward across the continent.

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and worked with the North.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad that connected the eastern U.S. to the western U.S. for the first time.

Radical Republicans

A group of politicians who wanted strict policies for Reconstruction and full rights for freed slaves.

Promontory Summit

Where the Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869.

Central Pacific Railroad

Built the western section of the Transcontinental Railroad.

Union Pacific Railroad

Built the eastern section of the Transcontinental Railroad.

Great Northern Railroad

A major railroad connecting the Midwest to the Pacific Northwest, completed without government funding.

KKK

A white supremacist group that used violence to oppose civil rights for African Americans.

Homestead Act

A law giving free land to settlers who farmed it for five years.

Freedmen

Former slaves who gained freedom after the Civil War.

Cattle drive

Moving herds of cattle to market or railroads.

Cowboys

Workers who herded cattle on ranches and drives.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues.

Credit Mobilier

A scandal involving a railroad construction company that overcharged and bribed politicians.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A law to stop monopolies and encourage competition in business.

Robber Barons

Wealthy business leaders accused of exploiting workers and resources.

Election of 1876

A disputed presidential election won by Rutherford B. Hayes.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the South in exchange for Hayes becoming president.

Causes of the Spanish American War

The sinking of the USS Maine, U.S. support for Cuban independence, and yellow journalism.

Who invented the first airplane

Invented by the Wright brothers in 1903.

Panama Canal

Built from 1904-1914, it connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; championed by President Theodore Roosevelt.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt's foreign policy of negotiating peacefully but backing it with military strength.

Why McKinley kept the Philippines

To expand U.S. influence, for strategic reasons, and to 'civilize' the islands.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

Lenient, required 10% of voters to swear loyalty to the Union.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Similar to Lincoln's but less strict on the South.

Radical Republicans' Plan

Tough, wanted to protect African American rights and punish the South.

Who won the Civil War?

The Union won the Civil War; Reconstruction ended in Southern control.

Robert Miller's 3 aspects of Manifest Destiny

Virtue, mission, destiny.

Rockefeller

Oil industry leader, founder of Standard Oil.

Carnegie

Steel industry leader, emphasized philanthropy.

Vanderbilt

Railroad and shipping magnate.

Morgan

Powerful banker and financier.

Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive president, trust-buster, conservationist.

What ethnic group made up the work force on the Central Pacific?

Central Pacific used Chinese labor; Union Pacific used Irish labor.

Push factors

Reasons that drive immigrants away from their home country.

Pull factors

Attractions that draw immigrants to a new country.

Overcrowding in Europe

A push factor leading to immigration.

Land of Opportunity

A pull factor that signifies the potential for success in the U.S.

Lack of jobs in Europe

A push factor that encourages immigration.

Lots of land in the US

A pull factor that attracts immigrants.

High poverty rates

A push factor driving people to seek better living conditions.

More and better paying jobs

A pull factor that attracts immigrants to the U.S.

Persecution; ethnic or religious

A push factor that forces individuals to leave their home countries.

Liberty for all

A pull factor representing the freedom and rights available in the U.S.

Social unrest

A push factor that leads to immigration due to instability.

Religious freedom

A pull factor that attracts individuals seeking to practice their faith freely.

Family reunited

A pull factor where immigrants move to join family members.

Ellis Island

Entry point for European immigrants to the U.S.

Angel Island

Entry point for Asian immigrants to the U.S.

Gentlemen's Agreement

U.S.-Japan deal to limit Japanese immigration.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Law banning Chinese immigration.

Urbanization problems

Issues arising from rapid city growth during the American Industrial Revolution.

Cramped living conditions

Overcrowded housing situations in urban areas.

Ghost Dance

A spiritual movement to restore Native culture and lands.

Little Big Horn

A battle where Native Americans defeated Custer's army.

Carlisle Indian Institute

A school aimed at assimilating Native American children.

Effect of the Buffalo herds

Declined from millions in 1840 to fewer than 1,000 by 1889 due to overhunting.

Reservations

Land set aside for Native Americans.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Plymouth

Second permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1620.

Mayflower Compact

Early agreement for self-government by the Pilgrims.

Slave Triangle

Trade between Africa, the Americas, and Europe involving slaves.

Proclamation of 1763

Banned settlement west of the Appalachians.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against British taxes on tea.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

First battles of the Revolutionary War.

Shays Rebellion

Farmers' uprising against taxes.

Boston Massacre

Incident where British soldiers killed unarmed colonists during a protest.

Protests of the Stamp Act

Opposition to British taxes on printed goods.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Early Revolutionary War battle showing colonist determination.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the Revolutionary War; led to French support for the U.S.

Siege of Yorktown

Final battle of the Revolution; U.S. victory.

Battle of Monmouth

A Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey showing improved American fighting skills.

Gag Rule

A rule in Congress that stopped discussion about ending slavery.

3/5 Compromise

Counted slaves as part of the population for representation.

Virginia Plan

Proposed representation by population.

Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise

Combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plans into a two-house Congress.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution outlining individual rights.

New Jersey Plan

Proposed equal representation for all states.

Bleeding Kansas

Violent conflict over slavery in Kansas.

Louisiana Purchase

Land bought from France in 1803, doubling U.S. size.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law allowing people in Kansas and Nebraska to vote on allowing slavery.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that spurred reform movements.

John Brown's Raid

Attempt to incite a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared the Americas off-limits to European colonization.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Explored western territories.

Zebulon Pike Expedition

Explored western territories.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which exposed the horrors of slavery and fueled abolitionist movements.

Harriet Tubman

Escaped slave who helped others escape via the Underground Railroad and worked as a spy during the Civil War.

US Grant

Union general who led the North to victory in the Civil War; later became the 18th U.S. president.

Robert E Lee

Confederate general known for his leadership during the Civil War; surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse.

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved man who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker advocating for equality and justice.

Gettysburg

Turning point of the Civil War; Union victory stopped Lee's invasion of the North.

Fort Sumter

First shots of the Civil War; Confederate forces fired on a Union fort in South Carolina.

Bull Run

First major battle; Confederate victory showed the war would not be quick.

Antietam

Bloodiest single-day battle; Union claimed strategic victory, leading to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Vicksburg

Union gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy.

Shiloh

Bloody battle in Tennessee; Union victory paved the way for further advances in the South.

Appomattox Courthouse

Where Lee surrendered to Grant, effectively ending the Civil War.