Ch. 1.4 Lab Notes

Flashcards created to practice key concepts of organ systems, anatomical planes, body regions, quadrants, and regional anatomical terminology.

What organs and functions make up the integumentary system?

Organs include skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands. Functions include protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, and cutaneous sensation.

What are the principal organs and primary functions of the skeletal system?

Organs include bones, cartilages, and ligaments. Functions include support, movement, protection, blood formation, mineral storage, electrolyte balance, and acid base balance.

What are the principal organs and functions of the muscular system?

Principal organs are skeletal muscles. Functions include movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, and heat production.

What main organs and functions belong to the lymphatic system?

Organs include lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, the thymus, the spleen, and tonsils. Functions include recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, and defense against disease.

What organs comprise the respiratory system, and what are its primary functions?

Organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Functions include absorption of oxygen, getting rid of $CO_2$, acid base balance, and speech.

Which organs belong to the urinary system, and what functions do they perform?

Organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Functions include elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, fluid balance, electrolyte control, acid base balance, and detoxification of body fluids.

How do the response speeds of the nervous system and endocrine system compare?

Brain', spinal cord, ganglia. The nervous system is a fast control system responding in a split second. The endocrine system is a slower control system facilitating chemical communication that can take seconds to minutes to hours to days to years.

What organs and functions belong to the male reproductive system?

Organs include the pituitary gland, pineal gland &, thyroid gland. testes, epididymis, spermatic ducts, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbar urethral glands. Functions include producing and delivering sperm and secreting sex hormones like testosterone.

What organs and functions belong to the female reproductive system?

Organs include the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands. Functions include producing eggs, serving as the site of fertilization and fetal development, nourishing the fetus, birth, lactation, and secreting sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

How is the body positioned in standard anatomical position?

The individual is standing upright with feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, and palms and face directed toward the observer.

What is the distinction between a midsagittal plane and a parasagittal plane?

A midsagittal (or median) plane divides the body into equal right and left halves, whereas a parasagittal plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions.

How does a frontal (coronal) plane divide the body?

It extends vertically perpendicular to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

How does a transverse (horizontal) plane divide the body?

It runs perpendicular to the long axis of the body, dividing it into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

What body parts are included in the axial region versus the appendicular region?

The axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions). The appendicular region includes the upper and lower limbs (arms, legs, shoulders, and hips).

What key organs are located in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

The RLQ contains the appendix, right ovary (in females), right ureter, part of the colon, and part of the small intestine.

What major organs are located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) and left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

RUQ contains the liver, gallbladder, and part of the colon. LUQ contains the spleen, part of the stomach, and parts of the transverse and descending colon.

What are the nine regions of the abdomen?

Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric region, and left iliac (inguinal) region.

Which abdominal region is specifically referenced when performing surgery to remove an appendix?

The right iliac region (with camera entry often made at the umbilical region).

What anatomical terms correspond to the head, cheek, ear, mouth, and chin?

Cephalic (head), buccal (cheek), otic (ear), oral (mouth), and mental (chin).

What anatomical terms refer to the upper arm, forearm, inside of the elbow, and wrist?

Brachial (upper arm), antebrachial (forearm), antecubital (inside of elbow), and carpal (wrist).

What anatomical terms refer to the hip, thigh, knee, anterior lower leg, ankle, and sole of the foot?

Coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar (knee), crural (anterior lower leg), tarsal (ankle), and plantar (sole of foot).

What posterior anatomical terms refer to the back of the neck, shoulder blade, back of the knee, and heel?

Nuchal (back of neck), scapular (shoulder blade/scapula), popliteal (back of knee), and calcaneal (heel).

Circulatory system

Heart & blood vessels