MIDTERM: Chinese Architecture

China

The most populous state in the world with over 1.3 billion people

Beijing

Capital city of China

Shanghai

Largest City in China

Shih Huang di

China's First Emperor

known as the builder of Great wall of China (Great Wall)

Great Wall of China

to protect the settled Chinese people from the raids of barbarian nomads lived beyond it

Sun Yat-Sen

Founder and first president of the republic of China

Dragon

National Symbol

- are legendary creatures in Chinese mythology and folklore

- the emperor of China often used this symbol to represent his imperial power and strength

- traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water, rainfall, hurricane, and floods

9, 596, 961 sqkm.

China's total area

Mount Everest

Highest point at 8, 850m

Turpan Pendi

Lowest point at 154m

East

along the shores of the Yellow Sea and the _____ China Sea, there are extensive and densely populated alluvial plains

North

While on the edges of the Inner Mongolian plateau in the ______ grasslands can be seen

South

dominated by hill country and low mountain ranges. In the central-east are the deltas of China's two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). Other Major rivers include the, Mekong, Brahmaputra, and Amur

West

Major mountain ranges, notably the Himalayas, with the China's highest point at the eastern half of Mount Everest at 8, 848m, and high plateaus feature among the more arid landscapes such as the Taklamakan and the Gobi Desert.

2010

What year did china became the world's largest exporter

open-door-policy

open to foreign investor

Copper, Tin, Zinc, Antimony, Tungsten, Manganese, Mercury

Geological in south

7 materials

CTZATMM

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Soil, Alluvium

Geological in north

SA

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Timber

Principal material in China

Bamboo, Pine, Persia Nanmu

The tallest and straightest of all the trees in China

BPPN

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Bricks, Limestone, Sandstone

_____were also used, as well as _____ and _____

Glazed Tiles or Majolica

Walls are also faced with ________

Format:

Answer or Answer

Clay Tiles, Black, Red, Azure, White, Yellow

colored and glazed with symbolic colors

BRAWY

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism

What are the dominant faiths (religions)

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Christianity

was first introduced during the Tang period in the 7th century with the arrival of the _____

Islam

eighteen yeas after Muhammad's death.

Hinduism, Dongbaism, Bon

Minority religions

HDB

Confucianism

new code of social conduct and philosophy of life; it was not a religion

Taoism

founded by Lao Tzu; doctrine of universal love as his solution to social disorder

Buddhism

introduced to China under the Han Dynasty

Calligraphy and Painting

Higher forms of art than dancing or drama

Confucianism and Conservatism

China's traditional values were derived form various versions of ___________

Format:

Answer and Answer

Feng Shui

widely used to orient buildings

often spiritually significant structures such as tombs, but also dwellings and other structures in an auspicious manner

Peking Man

Paleolithic - the most famous specimen of Homo Erectus found in China is the so-called ______

Xihoudu, Shanxi

the earliest recorded use of fire, archaeological site

Xiaochangliang

Stone tools found in ______

Yellow River

began to establish itself as a cultural center, where the first villages were founded

Xia Dynasty

the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records

from this period found on pottery and shells are thought to be ancestral to modern Chinese characters

Shang Dynasty

discovered inscriptions of divination records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of animals

Oracle bones

the first system of writing of China

writings in the bones or shells of animals

foretell future events - prophecy

used as a form of divination in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty. _____ provides us with one of the earliest examples of writing in Ancient China

Anyang

Where was oracle bones first fully excavated

Han Dynasty

emerged in 206 BC

the first dynasty to embrace the philosophy of Confucianism

China made advanced in many areas of the arts and sciences

commonly used structural techniques included "bean in tiers" and "column and tie beam" methods

Northern and Southern Dynasty

China's architecture first developed noticeably

Pagodas and Grottoes

As a result of Buddhism

Tang and Song Dynasty

China's building methods maturing rapidly

The architectural use of color and decoration became more and more exquisite

Ming and Qing Dynasty

High levels of skill were developed in the arrangement and layout of groups of buildings

Examples:

Forbidden City of Beijing

Summer Place

Tian Tan Shrine

Yiheyuan

The Summer Place known as _______

Forbidden Palace

Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of Qing dynasty

Commoner

Architectural Type:

the houses of _________, be they bureaucrats, merchants or farmers

Tulou

Communal fortress for protection

Center

where the shrine for the deities and ancestors are located

also used during festivities

Two Sides

bedroom for elders

Two Wings

________ of the building known as "guardian dragons" by the Chinese for:

Junior members of the family

living room

dining room

the kitchen

Sometimes the living room could be close to the center

Imperial

Architectural Type:

reserved solely for buildings built for the Emperor of China

Yellow

Imperial Color

________ roof tiles

Blue

______ roof tiles

symbolize sky

Dougong

brackets that supports the roof

a feature shared only with the largest of religious buildings

Red

Color of the wooden columns as well as surfaces of the walls

Black

famous color often used in Pagodas

It is believed that the gods are inspired by the black color to descend to earth

South

The buildings are faced _________ because the ________ had cold winds

Religious

Architectural Type:

Buddhist architecture follows the imperial style

A large Buddhist monastery normally has a greater hall, housing statues of Buddhas

Accommodations for the monks and the nuns are located at two sides

Roof

Architectural Character:

the chief feature

ridges were laden with elaborate ornamental cresting

adorned with fantastic dragons and grotesque ornaments

Man Riding Bird, Nine Beasts, Immortal Figure, Dragon

Kinds of roof decoration

MRB

NB

IF

D

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

S-Shape (Pan Tiles)

Roofs covered with enameled tiles of _______

- Up-turned corner eaves

- Heavy ornaments

- Superposition of roofing

The most pronounced features composed of:

Pai-Lou

A Chinese ceremonial gateway erected in memory of an eminent person

Towers

square like those in the great wall, shows, influence of Mesopotamia in the use of arch and vault

Pagoda

Most typical Chinese building, usually octagonal in plan, odd number o stories usually 9 or 13 storeys and repeated roofs, highly colored and with upturned eaves, slopes to each storey.

Walls

are often constructed hollow; Bricks sometimes have a glazed coloured surface and walls are also faced with Glazed tiles or Majolica

Bricks

what material is pagoda made of

South

Houses, like temples are oriented at this place

Columns

special feature of dwelling houses

Doorways

squared header but varied in outline by fretted pendants

Pai-Lou

May be used as entrances to temples and tombs

Polygonal, Candle, Moon-gate

Types of doorway

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Windows

_____ are also rectangular in form

Rice Paper

was also used instead of glass in windows

Dougong

a system of brackets inserted between the top of a column and a crossbeam, a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets used to join pillars and columns to the frame of the roof

Tou-kung

cluster of brackets

Dou

Block of wood

Gong

bracket formed of a double bow-shaped arm

Yellow tiles

color of palace tiles

Red tiles

color of mandarin houses

Pagoda

Chinese style buildings

also known as common oriental traditional buildings

Ting

Pavillions

Tai

Terraces

Lou

Multistory

Curved roof

to ward of evil spirits

Palatial

Religions

Funerary

Residential

Main purposes/functions of Chinese architecture

PRFR

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Imperial buildings

Traditional residences/cave dwellings,

Religious buildings

Three building types in China

IB

TR/CD

RB

Format:

Answer, Answer, Answer

Shenyang Imperial Temple

the oldest palace in China

Forbidden City Complex

World's largest palace

Siheyuan

Chinese houses generally of one storey like temples, are constructed with timber supports filled in with brick work

Nine

Bays for Emperor

Seven

Bays for Prince

Five

Bays for a Mandarin

Three

Bays for ordinary citizen

Tombs

not of great architectural value

a) vestibule or porter's lodge on the street;

b) audience chamber and family rooms;

c) kitchen and servant's room

Windows open inside there are three principal divisions:

Bridges

the most surviving ancient bridges are made of stone and demonstrate a high level of bridge-building skill