Crime Scene 6 + 7

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66 Terms

1

Three Primary Sources of Information

Reports, records, and databases

People who are not suspects in a crime but who know something about the crime

Suspects in the crime

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2

Confidential Informants

Provide useful information but may require anonymity

Building trust is key

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3

Suspects

Are directly or indirectly connected with a crime and should not be overlooked as sources of information

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4

Ultimate Goal

Determine the truth

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5

Interview

Questioning people who are not suspects but may know something about a situation

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6

Interrogation

Questioning those suspected or direct or indirect involvement

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7

Logical Approach

Reason out why the person won’t cooperate

Explain the consequences of withholding information

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8

Emotional Approach

Addresses negative feelings

Increase or acknowledge these emotions

“Anyone in your situation would respond that way”

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9

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Does not apply to voluntary or unsolicited, spontaneous statements, admissions, or confessions

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10

Custodial arrest

Point at which officer has decided a suspect is not free to leave, there has been considerable deprivation of liberty, or the officer has arrested the suspect

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11

Custodial Interrogation

After a person has been taken into custody or otherwise significantly deprives of freedom

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12

Authoritarian Approach (The Reid Technique)

The factual analysis phase

The behavior analysis interview

The interrogation

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13

Emotional Approach (The PEACE Model)

Preparation and Planning

Engage and explain

Account clarification and challenge

closer and evaluation

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14

Admission

A statement containing some information concerning the elements of a crime but falling short of a full confession

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15

Adoptive Admission

Occurs when someone else makes a statement in a person’s presence and under circumstances where it would be logical to expect the person to make a denial if the statement falsely implicated them, but the person does not deny the allegations

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16

Beachheading

An unconstitutional interrogation technique where an officer questions a custodial suspect without giving the Miranda warnings and obtains incriminating statements; the officer then gives the warning, gets a wavier, and repeats the interrogation to obtain the same statement

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17

Closed-ended Question

One that requires only a “yes” or “no,” or other short, simple answer and should be avoided during interviews

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18

Cognitive Interview

An approach that uses simple mnemonic techniques aimed at encourages focused retrueval of memories with minimal loss in accuracy

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19

Complainant

A person who request an investigation or that action be taken

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20

Confession

Information supporting the elements of a crime that is provided and attested to by any person involved in committing the crime

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21

Confidential (reliable) Informant (CRI)

An individual who has previously provided to police information that was corroborated and used

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22

Custodial arrest

Occurs when an officer has decided a suspect is not free to leave, there has been considerable deprivation of the suspect’s liberty, or the officer has arrested the suspect

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23

Custodial Interrogation

Questioning by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of freedom in a significant way

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24

Direct Question

One that is to the point with little chance of misinterpretation

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25

Dying Declaration

A statement that can provide valuable information to investigator and usually qualifies as a hearsay exception, making it admissible as evidence

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26

Field Interview

Questioning that occurs spontaneously at or near the scene

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27

Implicit Bias

Subtle, largely unconscious or semiconscious attitudes that influence a person’s behavior, judgements, and decisions

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28

In Custody

That point at which an officer has decided a suspect is not free to leave, there has been considerable deprivation of the suspect’s liberty, or the officer has arrested the suspect

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29

Indirect Question

One that skirts the issue

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30

Informant

Ant individual who can provide information related to a case but who is not a complainant, witness, victim, or suspect

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31

Information Age

The time period driven by knowledge and information rather than by agriculture or industry

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32

Leading Question

One that prompts or leads a person to a specific response and often implies an answer

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33

Microaggression

A subtle condescending, hostile, or derogatory comment or action that, while not blatantly racist, conveys a negative message to a person that they are viewed as “less than” others

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34

Open-ended Question

One that gives the victim, witness, or suspect the opportunity to provide a much fuller response

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35

Rapport

An understanding between individuals created by genuine interest and concern

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36

Sources of information file

A reference that contains the name and location of persons, organizations, and records that can assist in a criminal investigation

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37

Testimonial Hearsey

Prior testimony or statements made as a result of police interrogation

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38

Third degree

The use of physical force, threats of force, or other physical, mental, or psychological abuse to induce a suspect to confess

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39

Wavier

A giving up of certain right

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40

Field Identification

On-the-scene identification of a suspect by a victim of or witness to a crime. Must be within a short time after the crime was committed 15-20 minutes

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41

Booking Photos

Can be used, but time consuming

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42

Composite drawings and sketches

Face/body, but can also include vehicles, unusual marks or symbols, tattoos, or clothing

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43

Modus Operandi (MO)

A series of crimes often creates a recognizable pattern

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44

Psychological or Criminal Profiling

Attempts to identify an individual’s mental, emotional, and psychological characteristics

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45

Racial Profiling

Occurs when an officer focuses primarily on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religious appearance, to the exclusion of legitimate factors to decide which people are suspicious enough to warrant police stops, questioning, frisks, and searches

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46

Field views

Involve an investigator accompanying a witness to a site to observe people in hopes of seeing the suspect

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47

Photographic Identification

Used when a suspect is not in custody

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48

Bugging

An audio surveillance technique that uses a machine to record conversations within a room without the consent of those involved

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49

Close (tight) Surveillance

Staying within a few steps of the subject or keeping the subject in sight

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50

Cover

An assumed identity used while on an undercover assignment

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51

De Facto Arrest

The functional equivalent of an arrest that occurs by illegally bringing someone in for questioning without probable cause

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52

Entrapment

The conception and planning of an offense by an officer to trick someone into committing a crime that they would not normally commit

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53

Excessive Force

More than ordinary force, going above and beyond what is required to control the situation or behavior of an individual, and justified only when exceptional resistance occurs and there is no other way to gain compliance by the subject

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54

Fixed Surveillance

Observing a location from a fixed location; also called plant and stakeout

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55

Force

The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject

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56

Geographic Profiling

A technique based on the fat that everyone has a pattern to their lives, particularly in relation to the areas they frequent

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57

Open Surveillance

Moving surveillance in which it does not matter if the surveillant is detected and no extraordinary means are used to remain undetected

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58

Pretextual Traffic stops

The stop of a vehicle when an officer’s intent was not the real reason for the stop

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59

Raid

A planned, organized operation based on the element of surprise to recover stolen property, seize evidence, or arrest a suspect

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60

Reasonable Force

That amount of force a prudent person would use in similar circumstances

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61

Surveillant

A plainclothes investigator assigned to surveillance, to make observations of people or places

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62

Trail

A counter-surveillance technique in which the watcher becomes the watched

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63

Wiretapping

The intercepting and recording of telephone conversations by a ,mechanical device without the consent of either party in the conversation

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64

Sorrells v. United States (1932)

Investigators must avoid entrapment

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65

Scott v. Harris (2007)

“Ramming is viewed as deadly force by the courts

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66

Excited Delirium (EXD)

When a person suddenly dies in police custody, a case of which is characterized by bizarre and aggressive behavior

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