Neuroscience Exam I

Homework questions from Chapter 2-4

Where would one find the synapse?

• inside the cell body

• inside the axon

• between the axon terminal bouton and the the dendrite of another neuron

• where the axon meets the cell body

between the axon and terminal bouton and the dendrite of another neuron

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) primarily severs which function in the brain?

It is used for energy

The “ice pick” transorbital lobotomy performed by such people as Walter Freeman would put the ice pick instrument into the frontal lobe through _____ by hitting it slightly with a hammer

an area just above the eyeball

Which of the following are characteristics of the neuron membrane?

• It is made up of a phospholipid bilayer

• It is semipermeable

• It contains large protein structures

All of the above

Which of the following not are part of the autonomic nervous system

• somatic nervous system

• spinal cord

• parasympathetic nervous system

• sympathetic nervous system

somatic nervous system and the spinal cord

There are _____ cranial nerves

12

Which of the following are characteristics of neurons?

• They replicate easily and often

• They send signals to other neurons

• They send messages to muscles

• They can change their shape

They send signals to other neurons and they send messages to muscles

The primary function of the basal ganglia is:

orchestrating and coordinating muscle activity

The ears are lateral to the nose T or F

True

This big brain initiative was developed in the United States with the primary goal of understanding ways to treat and possibly cure diseases of the brain, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease

• SyNAPSE

• the BRAIN Initiative

• the Human Brain Project

• the NeURON Initiative

the BRAIN Initiative

Where is the hippocampus located?

limbic system

Where is the septum located?

limbic system

Where is the striatum located?

basal ganglia

Where is the globes pallidus located?

basal ganglia

Where is the cingulate cortex located?

limbic system

Which description best explains the dendritic spines?

• protuberance that meets but does not touch axons from another neuron

• where the axon meets the cell body

• found at the end of axons

protuberance that meets but does not touch axons from another neuron

Which description best explains the axon hillock?

• protuberance that meets but does not touch axons from another neuron

• where the axon meets the cell body

• found at the end of axons

where the axon meets the cell body

Which description best explains the terminal boutons?

• protuberance that meets but does not touch axons from another neuron

• where the axon meets the cell body

• found at the end of axons

found at the end of axons

The substantia nigra sends projections to many areas of the brain, including the striatum in the basal ganglia. Neurons of the substantia nigra use _____ neurotransmitters.

dopamine

Which of the following areas acts as a filter to create cerebral spinal fluid?

• blood-brain barrier

• inferior colliculus

• dorsolateral peduncle

• choroid plexus

choroid plexus

Which description best describes the arachnoid?

• web-like membrane in the middle

• closest to the skull

• closest to the cerebral cortex

web-like membrane in the middle

Which description best describes the dura matter?

• web-like membrane in the middle

• closest to the skull

• closest to the cerebral cortex

closest to the skull

Which description best describes the pia matter?

• web-like membrane in the middle

• closest to the skull

• closest to the cerebral cortex

closest to the cerebral cortex

Which of the following area are not part of the limbic system?

• cerebellum

• amygdala

• pons

• hippocampus

• cingulate cortex

• septum

pons and cerebellum

The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) controls the movement of the tongue T or F

True

Which of the following id not a classification of a neuron?

• multipolar

• semipolar

• bipolar

• unipolar

semipolar

Which two areas are part of the myelencephalon and function in regulating breathing (respiration) and heart rate?

• medulla oblongata

• hypothalamus

• tectum

• reticular formation

• amygdala

medulla oblongata and reticular formation

The right motor cortex sends signals ipsilateral T or F

False

A large cluster of neurons together is called a:

nucleus

You are walking along and come face to face with a mountain lion. Your parasympathetic nervous system becomes very active T or F

False

What is the name of the big brain project working to create computer simulations of nervous system activity? Members of the collaboration are attempting to create a digital representation of a small section of a mouse cortex.

• the Blue Brain Project

• Euro-SIM3

• the Mouse Brain Project

• the Green Brain Project

the Blue Brain Project

What brain cut is seen here?

• horizontal

• cross

• coronal

• sagittal

sagittal

Which division of the PNS is involved in the sensation of touch and conscious control of muscle movement?

somatic

the top side of the brain is _____.

• dorsal

• anterior

• posterior

• ventral

dorsal

the front side of the brain is _____.

• dorsal

• anterior

• posterior

• ventral

anterior

the back side of the brain is _____.

• dorsal

• anterior

• posterior

• ventral

posterior

the bottom side of the brain is _____.

• dorsal

• anterior

• posterior

• ventral

ventral

What structure is in green of the mesencephalon?

• brainstem

• inferior colliculus

• cerebellum

• corpus callosum

inferior colliculus

Which type(s) of cells are found in the nervous system?

• glial cells

• hepatic

• neurons

• renal cells

glial cells and neurons

Microglia play what primary function in the nervous system?

the immune system

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus are all examples of:

Organelles

Even though the brain only weights about there pounds, it uses about what percentage of the body’s energy?

• 5%

• 10%

• 15%

• 20%

20%

One of the large tracts of myelinated axons connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres is called the corpus callosum T or F

True

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones in the body T or F

True

Which of the following global cells are not found in the CNS?

• astrocytes

• oligodendrocytes

• Schwann cells

• microglia

Schwann cells

Which lobe is highlighted in yellow?

• Parietal

• Frontal

• Occipital

• Temporal

Parietal

Which lobe is highlighted in red?

• Parietal

• Frontal

• Occipital

• Temporal

Occipital

Which lobe is highlighted in blue?

• Parietal

• Frontal

• Occipital

• Temporal

Frontal

which lobe is highlighted in green?

• Parietal

• Frontal

• Occipital

• Temporal

Temporal

A neuron needs some sugar brought to it and a bit of repair done. Which cell is going to help most with this?

• Astrocyte

• Microglia

• Hemocyte

• Oligondendryocyte

astrocyte

Which of the following areas contain cerebral spinal fluid?

• ventricles

• spinal canal

• cerebellum

• subarachnoid space

spinal canal

The terminal bouton connects directly to dendritic spines at the synapse T or F

False

Vesicles hold neurotransmitters T or F

True

There is no myelin at the nodes of Ranvier T or F

True

Myelin slows down the signal sent along the axon T or F

False

The superior colliculus belongs to which embryological subdivision?

• mesencephalon

• diencephalon

• metencephalon

• telencephalon

mesencephalon

The thalamus belongs to which embryological subdivision?

• mesencephalon

• diencephalon

• metencephalon

• telencephalon

diencephalon

The cerebellum belongs to which embryological subdivision?

• mesencephalon

• diencephalon

• metencephalon

• telencephalon

metencephalon

The basal ganglia belongs to which embryological subdivision?

• mesencephalon

• diencephalon

• metencephalon

• telencephalon

telencephalon

Which function does the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus serve?

• somatosensory

• visual

• auditory

somatosensory

Which function does the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus serve?

• somatosensory

• visual

• auditory

visual

Which function does the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus serve?

• somatosensory

• visual

• auditory

auditoryThe

The membrane potential of a positive 40mV comparing the inside of the neuron to the outside occurs during the:

absolute refractory period

Neurotransmitters directly affect which type of ion channel?

chemically-gated

An action potential begins at the

axon initial segment (AIS)

During the relative refractory period, another action potential can be created if there is a strong enough stimulation and depolarization T or F

True

When neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron, they travel across the _____ to reach the postsynaptic neuron.

synaptic cleft

Chloride (Cl-) channels open, causing Cl- to enter the neuron. The causes an IPSP T or F

True

What does reuptake refer to?

It refers roughly neurotransmitters being taken into the presynaptic neuron to be recoiled, repackaged, and reused

Gap junctions are made of:

connexons

Supposed there are two neurons sending a signal to a third neuron. One neuron has an axodendritic connection, and the other makes an axosomatic connection near the axon hillock. The one making a synapse at the dendrite will have a greater influence on the third than the one making a synapse near the axon hillock. T or F

False

What charge does calcium have in its ionic form?

two positive—Ca++

What type of connection between neurons is connected to the cell body?

axosomatic

What type of connection between neurons is connection of the axon to a dendrite?

axodendritic

What type of connection between neurons is connected between axon to axon?

axoaxonic

If the resting potential of a neuron is -70mV, what is the term given to the membrane if the potential gets to -74 mV for a short time?

hyperpolarized

Which neurotransmitter’s overactivity is linked to schizophrenia while its interactivity is lined to Parkinson’s disease?

• GABA

• seretonin

• acetylcholine

• dopamine

• epinephrine

dopamine

What is the an example of dopamine’s receptors?

D2

What is an example of glutamate’s receptors?

NMDA

What is an example of norepinephrine’s receptors?

β1

What is an example of serotonin’s receptors?

5-HT3

What is an example of acetylcholine’s receptors?

muscarinic

Neurotransmitters only bind to metabotropic receptors T or F

False

Ionotropic receptors rely on G-proteins and second messengers to affect an ion channel T or F

False

Metabotropic receptors can remain active longer than ionotropic receptors T or F

True

Ionotopic receptors have faster action on the postsynaptic neuron than metabotropic receptors T or F

True

A myelinated axon sends a faster action potential than an unmyelinated axon because

time-consuming action potentials only occur at the nodes of Ranvier

A sodium potassium pump uses _____ for energy

ATP

What is a connectome?

It is a map of the interconnections between neurons in an organism

Antidepressants like Prozac and hallucinogens like LSD all affect the _____ systems.

seretonin

A neuron will adjust the speed at which the action potential travels down the axon. A fast action potential will send one type of signal, but slow action potential will send a different signal T or F

False

Dopamine, the drug morphine, the chemical peppermint, and the hormone testosterone all fit into and bind with receptors. This would make them:

ligands

_____ is the rule that once an action potential starts, it will not stop nor diminish in strength until it reaches the terminal bouton

The all-or-none-law

_____ is the term for when one or many neurons send signals in rapid succession to another neuron. The faster the rate of the signals, the greater the influence

Temporal summation

The resting potential of a neuron

has a negative charge on the inside compared to the outside of the neuron

The opening of Na+ channels causes the neuron membrane to depolarize T or F

True

This neurotransmitter works as the connection between the neuron and the muscle (neuromuscular junction)

acetylcholine

Saltatory conduction refers to

an action potential moving (jumping) from one node of Ranvier to another node of Ranvier

A higher concentration of K+ inside the neuron T or F

True

A higher concentration of Na+ outside the neuron T or F

True