Types of Leadership and Altruism Concepts, Exploring Bad Leadership and Ethical Theories

Incompetent leadership

Leadership that lacks the will or skill to sustain effective action; may be disorganized or ineffective.

Rigid leadership

Leadership that is unyielding and unable to adapt to change or new ideas.

Intemperate leadership

Leadership that lacks self-control and is enabled by followers who don't intervene.

Callous leadership

Leadership that is uncaring or unkind toward the needs and suffering of others.

Corrupt leadership

Leadership that is dishonest, using power for personal gain.

Insular leadership

Leadership that disregards the well-being of those outside their immediate group or system.

Evil leadership

Leadership that commits atrocities or intentionally inflicts harm for personal or ideological reasons.

Bystander followers according to Kellerman

Individuals who observe but do not participate or intervene in leadership processes.

Participant followers according to Kellerman

Followers who are actively engaged and willing to invest time and energy in the leadership dynamic.

Activist followers according to Kellerman

Highly engaged individuals who strongly support or oppose the leader.

Narcissism in the Dark Triad

Excessive self-love, entitlement, and a lack of empathy for others.

Machiavellianism in the Dark Triad

Manipulative behavior, deceit, and a strategic focus on self-interest.

Psychopathy in the Dark Triad

Impulsivity, antisocial behavior, and a lack of remorse or empathy.

Kin-based altruism

Helping relatives to increase the survival of shared genes.

Reciprocal altruism

Helping others with the expectation they will help you in return in the future.

Group-selected altruism

Altruistic behavior that benefits the group, enhancing group survival even at personal cost.

Pure (or true) altruism

Helping others with no expectation of return or personal benefit.

Bad Leadership theory

Leadership can be unethical or ineffective, and Kellerman identified seven types of bad leadership.

7 types of bad leadership

Incompetent, rigid, intemperate, callous, corrupt, insular, and evil.

3 follower types

Bystanders, participants, and activists.

Reasons followers support bad leaders

Followers support bad leaders due to apathy, fear, personal gain, or shared ideology.

Hitler's Ghost

A symbolic case of evil leadership used to analyze the lingering effects of toxic leaders.

Altruism in leadership ethics

Acting in the interest of others without expectation of reward.

Hedonistic Paradox

The idea that acting selflessly can also provide personal satisfaction, blurring true altruism.

Difference between altruism and pro-social behavior

Altruism is selfless; pro-social behavior includes any helpful act, even if self-interested.

Difference between intentions and actions in ethics

Intentions refer to the motivation behind an act; actions refer to the actual behavior and outcome.

Difference between moral courage and physical courage

Moral courage is standing up for values despite risk; physical courage is bravery in physical danger.

Genetic basis for altruism

Altruism can evolve through kin selection and reciprocal benefit to improve survival of shared genes.

Main types of altruism

Kin-based, reciprocal, group-selected, and pure altruism.

Ethical Egoism

Individuals ought to act in their own self-interest because it leads to the best moral outcomes.

Nature of Ethical Egoism

It is a normative ethical theory.

Ethical subfield of Ethical Egoism

Normative ethics.

Followers of Ethical Egoism

Those who believe self-interest leads to ethical behavior; often linked to Objectivism and libertarianism.

Ethic of Care

Created by Carol Gilligan.

Ethic of Care

Emphasizes empathy, care, and relationships over universal rules.

Ethic of Care development

Developed in the 1980s.

Gilligan's view on gender and ethics

Women's focus on relationships and emotions in ethical decisions is not inferior—just different and valuable.

Key values in the Ethic of Care

Benevolence, beneficence, empathy, and attentiveness to others' needs.

Main theorists of Charismatic Leadership

Robert House, Jay Conger, Rabindra Kanungo, and Gary Klein.

Charismatic Leadership theory

Charismatic leaders use vision, emotion, and personal influence to inspire followers.

3-stage model of charismatic leadership

Created by Jay Conger.

Conger's 3 stages of charismatic leadership

1. Environmental sensitivity, 2. Vision formulation, 3. Vision articulation through risk-taking and unconventional behavior.

Awestruck Effect in leadership

When followers become blindly loyal due to a leader's overwhelming charisma.

Conger-Kanungo Model of charismatic leadership

Created by Jay Conger and Rabindra Kanungo.

Conger-Kanungo Model proposal

Charisma results from behaviors like articulating a compelling vision, personal risk-taking, and sensitivity to the environment.

Gary Klein's theory of charisma

Charisma is shaped by how followers perceive the leader, not just the leader's traits.

Habituated followership

A condition where followers accept the leader's authority uncritically due to long-term exposure.

Toxic Leadership

Coined by Jean Lipman-Blumen.

Toxic Leadership description

Leadership that harms people or the organization through manipulation, abuse, or exploitation.

Toxic followers

Individuals who support toxic leaders out of fear, loyalty, or personal gain.

Toxic Triangle theory

Developed by Art Padilla, Robert Hogan, and Robert B. Kaiser.

Toxic Triangle

A model explaining how destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and a conducive environment enable toxic leadership.

Dark Triad in leadership psychology

Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—traits linked to toxic and unethical leadership.

Kellerman on the 'lust for power'

An obsessive desire for power can corrupt leaders and cause unethical decisions.

Pathocracy

A system of government where individuals with psychological disorders hold power, resulting in widespread harm.