chap 9

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These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the cardiorespiratory responses during acute exercise.

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50 Terms

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Cardiovascular response

The body's adjustments in blood flow and heart function during exercise.

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Respiratory response

The changes in breathing patterns and ventilation during physical activity.

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Heart rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

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Stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction.

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Cardiac output

The volume of blood the heart pumps in a minute, calculated as HR x SV.

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Blood pressure

The force exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels.

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Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle.

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Anticipatory response

The increase in heart rate before the start of exercise.

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Sympathetic nervous system

The part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate and bloodflow during stress.

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Parasympathetic nervous system

The part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.

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Cardiac drift

Gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise at a steady state.

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Fick principle

The method for calculating tissue oxygen consumption based on blood flow and oxygen extraction.

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Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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Lactate threshold

The exercise intensity at which lactate starts to accumulate in the blood.

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Oxygen uptake (VO2)

The amount of oxygen the body uses during exercise.

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Hemoconcentration

Increase in the concentration of cells and solids in the blood due to a decrease in plasma volume.

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Vagal tone

The activity of the vagus nerve that slows the heart rate.

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Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to decrease blood flow.

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Venous return

The flow of blood back to the heart from the body.

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Peripheral resistance

The resistance of the arteries to blood flow.

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Exercise-induced asthma

A condition caused by narrowing of the airways due to exercise.

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Hyperventilation

Excessively rapid and deep breathing.

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Valsalva maneuver

A breathing technique that can increase pressure in the chest, affecting blood return to the heart.

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Preload

The initial stretching of the cardiac muscle prior to contraction.

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Afterload

The pressure in the aorta against which the heart must work to pump blood.

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Baroreceptors

Sensory receptors that monitor blood pressure changes.

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Chemoreceptors

Sensors that detect chemical changes in the blood.

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Dynamic exercise

Physical activity characterized by muscle contractions and movements.

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Static exercise

Exercise involving muscle contractions without movement.

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Aerobic capacity

The maximum rate at which an individual can consume oxygen during intense exercise.

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VO2 max

The maximum amount of oxygen used during intense exercise.

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Blood flow redistribution

Shunting of blood away from non-active regions to working muscles.

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Tidal volume

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.

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Ventilatory equivalent for O2

Ratio of ventilation to oxygen consumption.

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Respiratory muscle fatigue

Fatigue experienced by the respiratory muscles during intense exercise.

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Heart rate variability (HRV)

The measure of the variation in time between heartbeats.

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Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining an optimal body temperature.

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Myocardial oxygen uptake

The amount of oxygen consumed by the heart muscle.

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Active recovery

Light exercise performed after a workout to help in recovery.

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Passive recovery

Complete rest after exercise without movement.

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Acid–base balance

The mechanism the body uses to maintain its pH level.

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pH scale

A scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution.

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Active transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration.

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End-diastolic volume (EDV)

The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of filling.

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End-systolic volume (ESV)

The amount of blood left in the ventricles after contraction.

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Muscle contraction

The activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.

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Circulatory adaptation

Changes in the cardiovascular system as a response to fitness training.

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Environmental factors

External conditions such as temperature and altitude that can affect exercise performance.

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Central command

The brain's role in regulating cardiovascular function during exercise.