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These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to the cardiorespiratory responses during acute exercise.
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Cardiovascular response
The body's adjustments in blood flow and heart function during exercise.
Respiratory response
The changes in breathing patterns and ventilation during physical activity.
Heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
Stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood the heart pumps in a minute, calculated as HR x SV.
Blood pressure
The force exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
The average pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle.
Anticipatory response
The increase in heart rate before the start of exercise.
Sympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate and bloodflow during stress.
Parasympathetic nervous system
The part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate.
Cardiac drift
Gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise at a steady state.
Fick principle
The method for calculating tissue oxygen consumption based on blood flow and oxygen extraction.
Ventilation
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
Lactate threshold
The exercise intensity at which lactate starts to accumulate in the blood.
Oxygen uptake (VO2)
The amount of oxygen the body uses during exercise.
Hemoconcentration
Increase in the concentration of cells and solids in the blood due to a decrease in plasma volume.
Vagal tone
The activity of the vagus nerve that slows the heart rate.
Vasodilation
The widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.
Vasoconstriction
The narrowing of blood vessels to decrease blood flow.
Venous return
The flow of blood back to the heart from the body.
Peripheral resistance
The resistance of the arteries to blood flow.
Exercise-induced asthma
A condition caused by narrowing of the airways due to exercise.
Hyperventilation
Excessively rapid and deep breathing.
Valsalva maneuver
A breathing technique that can increase pressure in the chest, affecting blood return to the heart.
Preload
The initial stretching of the cardiac muscle prior to contraction.
Afterload
The pressure in the aorta against which the heart must work to pump blood.
Baroreceptors
Sensory receptors that monitor blood pressure changes.
Chemoreceptors
Sensors that detect chemical changes in the blood.
Dynamic exercise
Physical activity characterized by muscle contractions and movements.
Static exercise
Exercise involving muscle contractions without movement.
Aerobic capacity
The maximum rate at which an individual can consume oxygen during intense exercise.
VO2 max
The maximum amount of oxygen used during intense exercise.
Blood flow redistribution
Shunting of blood away from non-active regions to working muscles.
Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
Ventilatory equivalent for O2
Ratio of ventilation to oxygen consumption.
Respiratory muscle fatigue
Fatigue experienced by the respiratory muscles during intense exercise.
Heart rate variability (HRV)
The measure of the variation in time between heartbeats.
Thermoregulation
The process of maintaining an optimal body temperature.
Myocardial oxygen uptake
The amount of oxygen consumed by the heart muscle.
Active recovery
Light exercise performed after a workout to help in recovery.
Passive recovery
Complete rest after exercise without movement.
Acid–base balance
The mechanism the body uses to maintain its pH level.
pH scale
A scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution.
Active transport
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration.
End-diastolic volume (EDV)
The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of filling.
End-systolic volume (ESV)
The amount of blood left in the ventricles after contraction.
Muscle contraction
The activation of tension-generating sites within muscle fibers.
Circulatory adaptation
Changes in the cardiovascular system as a response to fitness training.
Environmental factors
External conditions such as temperature and altitude that can affect exercise performance.
Central command
The brain's role in regulating cardiovascular function during exercise.