Gen Chem II Key Equations

Clausius-Clapeyron equation

ln P₁/P₂= ∆H_vap/R (1/T₂-1/T₁)

Bragg’s law

2d sinθ=nλ

or

d=nλ/2 sinθ

Heat Equation

Q=mCΔT or nCpΔT

Molarity

M=moles solute/volume of solution in L

Mole fraction equation

X=moles of A/Total moles

Mass % equations

Mass %= (Mass A/Total Mass) x 100%

Molality Equations

m= moles of solute/mass of solvent

Raoult’s Law

Psoln = XsolvP°solv

or

∆P = Xsolute P°solv

or

Ptotal = P_A + P_B = X_AP⁰_A + X_B P⁰_B

Henry’s Law

c = kP

Boiling point elevation

∆Tb = iK_b∆m

Freezing point depression

∆Tf = iK_f∆m

Osmotic pressure

∆ = iMRT

For reaction aA + bB → cC + dD

rate= (-1/a ∆ [A]/∆ t)=(-1/b ∆ [B]/∆ t)=(1/c ∆ [C]/∆ t)=(1/d ∆ [D]/∆ t)